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January 2023; 10 (1) Diagnostic & Treatment ChallengesOpen Access

Multiple Sclerosis Followed by Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

From the National Multiple Sclerosis Society Case Conference Proceedings

Carolyn Goldschmidt, Steven L. Galetta, Robert P. Lisak, Laura J. Balcer, Andrew Hellman, Michael K. Racke, Amy E. Lovett-Racke, Roberto Cruz, Matthew S. Parsons, Neda Sattarnezhad, Lawrence Steinman, Scott S. Zamvil, Elliot M. Frohman, Teresa C. Frohman
First published October 21, 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000200037
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Article Information

vol. 10 no. 1 e200037
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000200037
PubMed: 
36270950
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Online ISSN: 
2332-7812
History: 
  • Received June 21, 2022
  • Accepted in final form August 12, 2022
  • First Published October 21, 2022.
Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Carolyn Goldschmidt, MD,
    2. Steven L. Galetta,
    3. Robert P. Lisak, MD,
    4. Laura J. Balcer, MD,
    5. Andrew Hellman, PhD,
    6. Michael K. Racke, MD,
    7. Amy E. Lovett-Racke, PhD,
    8. Roberto Cruz, MD,
    9. Matthew S. Parsons, PhD,
    10. Neda Sattarnezhad, MD,
    11. Lawrence Steinman, MD,
    12. Scott S. Zamvil, MD, PhD,
    13. Elliot M. Frohman, MD, PhD and
    14. Teresa C. Frohman, MPAS, PA-C
  1. Carolyn Goldschmidt, MD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. I have served as a consultant for EMD Serono, Genentech and Novartis

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. National MS Society grant funding to support neuroimmunology fellowship

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Steven L. Galetta,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Neurology, Editorial Board; (2) Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology, Editorial Board

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Robert P. Lisak, MD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1) Advisory Board Commercial: Argenx, Mallinckrodt, Takeda, Alivant, ANI, MedDay, Horizon 2) Advisory Board non-profit: National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Michigan Chapter, Clinical Advisory Committee; Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, Clinical Advisory Committee; Guillain-Barre Syndrome/CIDP Foundation, International, Global Medical Advisory Commmittee

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Section Editor for Neuroimmunology, Clinical Neuropharmacology, 2005-present; Editorial Board, Immunology Research, 1986-2021; Neuroimmunology Reports 2020-present

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. International Neurology: A Clinical Approach, Blackwell, Oxford, 2009; 2017 (2nd edition) Neuroimmunology, Oxford University Press, 2019

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. GLG Consulting; Insight Consulting; Alpha Sites Consulting; Argenx; Clearview Consulting, Guidepoint Consulting; Jupiter Consulting; Dedham, Triangle Insights, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, ALI, Alivar and ACTHar Gel, Takeda consulting on autoimmune neurologic disorders, Janssen consulting on S1P receptor modulators

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. Health Advisory Committee; National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Michigan Chapter, Board of Governors; Research Grants Committee and Centers of Excellence Committee of the Medical Advisory Committee of the GBS/CIDP Foundation, International; Grants Committee of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America ended-2020

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Alexion; Genentech, Novartis, Medimmune; Chugai, UCB/Ra Pharmaceuticals, Argenx, Takeda paid to Wayne State University for my participation in clinical trials MedDay as Chair of Adjudication Committee for study of biotin in progressive forms of MS

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NINDS; 1R21NS118227-01; PI; 7/15/2020-06/30/2022

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Laura J. Balcer, MD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Editor in Chief, Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology, receive payments from the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Editor-in-Chief, 2019-present

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Andrew Hellman, PhD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Quest Diagnostics, Medical Writer, 9 years

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Spouse received NIGMS, R35 GM124766, PI, 2017-2022

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. Spouse: Fred Hutch Cancer Center Spouse: University of Washington

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Spouse: Rita Allen Foundation--Scholar's Grant

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Michael K. Racke, MD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Journal of Neuroimmunology, Editor-in-Chief, 2010-2020

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Quest Diagnostics, Medical Director for Neurology, 2 years

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Salary from Quest Diagnostics

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. Stock options from Quest Diagnostics

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Amy E. Lovett-Racke, PhD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Journal of Immunology - Section Editor 2019-resent Brain, Behavior, and Immunity - Editorial Board 2014- present Frontiers in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology - Associate Editor 2010-present Journal of Neuroimmunology - Deputy Editor 2010-2020

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1. NIH, R01AI140741, Principle Investigator, 2019-2023 2. NIH, R01AI152435, Principle Investigator, 2020-2025 3. NIH, R01AG059711, Co-Investigator, 2018-2023 4. NIH, R01AI153829, Co-Investigator, 2021-2026 5. NIH and Nationwide Childrens Hospital, 700249-0322-00, Co-Investigator, 2021-2026

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. 1. Quest Diagnostics (Husband) 2019-present

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Roberto Cruz, MD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Matthew S. Parsons, PhD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. K01 Award to Matthew Sidney Parsons from the National Institutes of Health’s Office of the Director (K01OD031900).

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Neda Sattarnezhad, MD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. None

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Dr Sattarnezhad has received Sylvia Lawry Physician Fellowship Award from National MS Society.

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Lawrence Steinman, MD,
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Novartis, Atreca, Bristol Myers Squibb, 180LS, TG Therapeutics, Atara Bio, Pasithea

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. Novartis, Atara Bio

    Editorial Boards:

    1. MS Journal, Proceedings National Academy of Sciences

    Patents:

    1. I have multiple patents on antigen specific tolerance.

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Commercial Novartis, Atreca, Tolerion, Teva, AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gossamer, 180LS, TG Therapeutics, Atara Bio

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Atara Bio, Novartis

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH 2U01AI101984-06 Cooperative Study Group for Autoimmune Disease Prevention (U01)

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. Stock options and board membership in Atreca Board of Directors BioAtla, Pasithea, 180 LS

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. Tolerion

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. Tolerion, Atreca, Adaptive

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Scott S. Zamvil, MD, PhD,
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Dr. Zamvil has received honoraria for serving on Data Safety Monitoring Boards for MS trials conducted by Opexa, BioMS, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Eli Lilly and Co. Foundation.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. (1) Biogen - Speaker honoraria and advisory board meetings (2) Teva - Speaker honoraria and advisory board meetings (3) Alexion - Speaker honoraria and advisory board meetings (4) Novartis - Speaker honoraria and advisory board meetings

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Neurology, Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation, Deputy Editor, 2014-present

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. SSZ has served as a consultant to Biogen Idec, Teva Neuroscience, EMD-Serono, Genzyme, Novartis and Roche.

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. Advanced Health Media, 2009-present Biogen, 2009-present Alexion, 2019-present Viela Bio, 2020

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Biogen - speaker and advisory board meetings (2) Teva - speaker and advisory board meetings (3) Genentech - advisory board meeting (4) Novartis - advisory board meetings (5) Genzyme - advisory board meetings (6) Alexion - advisory board meeting

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH RO1 AI131624-O1A1 NIH R21 NS10815990-01

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NMSS RG 1701-26628 NMSS RG 1801-2986

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Alexander M. and June L. Maisin Foundation, PI

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  13. Elliot M. Frohman, MD, PhD and
    14. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. None

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. Genzyme-Speaker fees Novartis-Speaker fees Alexion-Speaker fees Janssen-Speaker fees

    Editorial Boards:

    1. J of Neurology-Editorial Board Frontiers in Neurology-Editorial Board J of the Neurological Sciences-Editorial Board Neuroimmunology Reports-Editorial Board

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. 1. Up To Date: i). Internuclear ophthalmoparesis ii). Multiple Sclerosis: Symptom management 2) Cambridge University Press Optical Coherence Tomography in Neurological Diseases

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. Genzyme Novartis Alexion Janssen

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. National MS Society

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  14. Teresa C. Frohman, MPAS, PA-C
    15. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. spouse:Genzyme, Alexion, Novartis, JANSSEN- speaking and consulting

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. Spouse: Genzyme, Alexion, Novartis

    Editorial Boards:

    1. self and spouse: Editor Neurology Reports Contributor: Up To Date NMSS Fellows Webinar Case Conference Proceedings

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. Self: Up-To-Date Spouse: Up-To-Date

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Spouse: Genzyme, Alexion, Novartis, Janssen

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. Spouse:Genzyme, Alexion, Novartis, Janssen

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (C.G.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Departments of Neurology (S.L.G., L.J.B.), Population Health (L.J.B.) and Ophthalmology (L.J.B., S.L.G.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit MI; Quest Diagnostics (A.H., M.K.R.), Secaucus, NJ; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity (A.E.L.-R.), Department of Neuroscience Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (R.C.), Doctors Hospital at Renaissance; Department of Neurology (R.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande Valley; Division of Microbiology and Immunology (M.S.P.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (N.S., L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; and Distinguished Senior Fellows (Sabbatical) Neuroimmunology Laboratory of Professor Lawrence Steinman (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Frohman elliot.frohman{at}austin.utexas.edu
View Full Text

Article usage

Article usage: October 2022 to December 2022

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Letters: Rapid online correspondence

  • Author Response: Multiple Sclerosis Followed by Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
    • Teresa C. Frohman, Author, Distinguished Senior Fellows (Sabbatical) Neuroimmunology Laboratory of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School
    • Steven L. Galetta, MD, Author, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
    • Robert Lisak, MD, Author, Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit MI
    • Laura J. Balcer, MD, MSCE, Author, Departments of Neurology, Population Health, and Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
    • Michael K. Racke, MD, Author, Quest Diagnostics, 500 Plaza Drive, Secaucus, NJ
    • Lawrence Steinman, MD, Author, Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
    • Scott S. Zamvil, Author, Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
    • Elliot M. Frohman, Author, Distinguished Senior Fellows (Sabbatical) Neuroimmunology Laboratory of Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School
    Submitted December 02, 2022
  • Multiple Sclerosis Followed by Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
    • robert laureno, neurologist, Georgetown University
    Submitted November 29, 2022
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