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January 2023; 10 (1) Research ArticleOpen Access

Acute Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination

Anna G. Francis, Kariem Elhadd, Valentina Camera, Monica Ferreira dos Santos, Chiara Rocchi, Poneh Adib-Samii, Bal Athwal, Kathrine Attfield, Andrew Barritt, Matthew Craner, Leonora Fisniku, Astrid K.N. Iversen, Oliver Leach, Lucy Matthews, Ian Redmond, Jonathan O'Riordan, Antonio Scalfari, Radu Tanasescu, Damian Wren, Saif Huda, Maria Isabel Leite, Lars Fugger, Jacqueline Palace
First published November 21, 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000200063
Anna G. Francis
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Kariem Elhadd
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Valentina Camera
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Monica Ferreira dos Santos
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Chiara Rocchi
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Poneh Adib-Samii
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Bal Athwal
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Kathrine Attfield
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Andrew Barritt
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Matthew Craner
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Leonora Fisniku
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Astrid K.N. Iversen
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Oliver Leach
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Lucy Matthews
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Ian Redmond
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Jonathan O'Riordan
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Antonio Scalfari
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Radu Tanasescu
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Damian Wren
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Saif Huda
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Maria Isabel Leite
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Lars Fugger
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Jacqueline Palace
From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
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Full PDF
Citation
Acute Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination
Anna G. Francis, Kariem Elhadd, Valentina Camera, Monica Ferreira dos Santos, Chiara Rocchi, Poneh Adib-Samii, Bal Athwal, Kathrine Attfield, Andrew Barritt, Matthew Craner, Leonora Fisniku, Astrid K.N. Iversen, Oliver Leach, Lucy Matthews, Ian Redmond, Jonathan O'Riordan, Antonio Scalfari, Radu Tanasescu, Damian Wren, Saif Huda, Maria Isabel Leite, Lars Fugger, Jacqueline Palace
Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm Jan 2023, 10 (1) e200063; DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000200063

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Article Information

vol. 10 no. 1 e200063
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000200063
PubMed: 
36411077

Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Online ISSN: 
2332-7812
History: 
  • Received June 3, 2022
  • Accepted in final form September 26, 2022
  • First Published November 21, 2022.

Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Anna G. Francis, BMBCh*,
    2. Kariem Elhadd, MBBS,
    3. Valentina Camera, MD,
    4. Monica Ferreira dos Santos, MD,
    5. Chiara Rocchi, MD,
    6. Poneh Adib-Samii, MBBS, PhD,
    7. Bal Athwal, FRCP,
    8. Kathrine Attfield, PhD,
    9. Andrew Barritt, MBBS, PhD,
    10. Matthew Craner, PhD,
    11. Leonora Fisniku, MD,
    12. Astrid K.N. Iversen, MD, PhD*,
    13. Oliver Leach, MBChB,
    14. Lucy Matthews, MRCP, DPhil,
    15. Ian Redmond, FRCP,
    16. Jonathan O'Riordan, MD,
    17. Antonio Scalfari, MD, PhD,
    18. Radu Tanasescu, MD, PhD,
    19. Damian Wren, DM,
    20. Saif Huda, DPhil,
    21. Maria Isabel Leite, MD, DPhil*,
    22. Lars Fugger, MD, PhD* and
    23. Jacqueline Palace, MD, PhD*
  1. Anna G. Francis, BMBCh*,
  2. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  3. Kariem Elhadd, MBBS,
  4. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  5. Valentina Camera, MD,
  6. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  7. Monica Ferreira dos Santos, MD,
  8. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. Speaking honoraria from Merck, commercial, money payment.Support for scientific meetings from Biogen, Merck, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, commercial, travel expenses coverage.

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  9. Chiara Rocchi, MD,
  10. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  11. Poneh Adib-Samii, MBBS, PhD,
  12. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  13. Bal Athwal, FRCP,
  14. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. 1. Abbvie scientific advisory board2. Teva scientific advisory board

    Gifts:
    1. Compensation for consulting1. Abbvie2. Teva

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. Abbvie - speaker honoraria, commerical entity.

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  15. Kathrine Attfield, PhD,
  16. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  17. Andrew Barritt, MBBS, PhD,
  18. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  19. Matthew Craner, PhD,
  20. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. Commercial for travel and speaker Honoraria from Merck, Novartis, Actelion, Roche, Sanoffi

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  21. Leonora Fisniku, MD,
  22. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  23. Astrid K.N. Iversen, MD, PhD*,
  24. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. The Oak Foundation (it has nothing to do with this study)

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  25. Oliver Leach, MBChB,
  26. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  27. Lucy Matthews, MRCP, DPhil,
  28. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  29. Ian Redmond, FRCP,
  30. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  31. Jonathan O'Riordan, MD,
  32. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. Travel and speaker honoraria from Northern Connections

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. I am currently principal investigator in commercial studies sponsored by Biogen, Novartis and Teva

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  33. Antonio Scalfari, MD, PhD,
  34. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. Speaker honoraria and funding for travel: Roche, Sanofi, Biogen, Novartis, Celgene.

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  35. Radu Tanasescu, MD, PhD,
  36. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. RT has received support for the attendance of clinical and research conferences from Novartis, Biogen - all outside the submitted work.

    Editorial Boards:
    1. Guest editor - Frontiers in Neurology 2021/2022.Guest editor - European Journal of Neurology 2021/2022.

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. personal compensation for consultancy from Johnson & Johnson Romania, outside the submitted work.

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. br>RT has received support from UK MRC (CARP MR/T024402/1).

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  37. Damian Wren, DM,
  38. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NHS Consultant Neurologist

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  39. Saif Huda, DPhil,
  40. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. (1) AlphaSights (2) Atheneum

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  41. Maria Isabel Leite, MD, DPhil*,
  42. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. Dr. Maria Isabel Leite is supported by NHS National Specialised Commissioning Group for Neuromyelitis Optica, UK, and by NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and has received travel grant and speaking honoraria from Biogen Idec and travel grant from Novartis.

    Editorial Boards:
    1. Neuromuscular Disorders, editorial board member, from January 2014

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  43. Lars Fugger, MD, PhD* and
  44. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. None

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. None

    Editorial Boards:
    1. NONE

    Patents:
    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. NONE

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  45. Jacqueline Palace, MD, PhD*
  46. Scientific Advisory Boards:
    1. 1) Merck Serono 2) Roche 3) ARGENX 4) Novartis 5) UCB 6) Alexion 7)Janssen8) Sanofi

    Gifts:
    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
    1. All commercial (speakers/meetings honorarium last two years)1) Roche 2) Alexion 3) Chugai

    Editorial Boards:
    1. Lancet Neurology editorial committee member

    Patents:
    1. ISIS Innovation Ltd. To protect for the use ofmetabolomics as a method to diagnose and stage disease inmultiple sclerosis. Patent ref P37347WO and licence agreement Numares multimarker MS diagnostics

    Publishing Royalties:
    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:
    1. NONE

    Consultancies:
    1. Amplo

    Speakers' Bureaus:
    1. Please see 3 (speaker/meetings)

    Other Activities:
    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:
    1. All commercial (support for research)1) Amplo 2) UCB3) Alexion4)Medimmune

    Research Support, Government Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:
    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
    1. Grant for research:1) Multiple Sclerosis Society4) SPARKS Great Ormond Street

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
    1. Astra Zenica shares

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
    1. Patent ref P37347WO and licence agreement Numares multimarker MS diagnostics

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:
    1. NONE

  1. From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology (A.G.F., V.C., M.F.S., K.A., M.C., A.K.N.I., M.I.L., Lars Fugger, J.P.), Oxford University; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust (K.E., C.R.)Neurology Unit (V.C.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Italy; Neurology (M.F.S.), Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Neurological Clinic (C.R.), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neurology (P.A.-S., B.A.), Royal Free London NHS Trust; Department of Neurology (A.B., L.E.), Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust (O.L.); Milton Keynes University Hospital (L.M.); East Kent Hospitals University Foundation Trust (I.R.); Department of Clinical Neurology (J.O.), University of Dundee; Imperial College London (A.S.); Centre of Neuroscience (A.S.), Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital; Division of Clinical Neuroscience (R.T.), University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation (R.T.), Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust (D.W.); and University of Liverpool (S.H.).
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Francis anna.francis11{at}yahoo.co.uk
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Letters: Rapid online correspondence

  • Author Response: Acute Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination
    • Anna Francis, NMO Clinical Fellow, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford
    Submitted December 20, 2022
  • Reader Response: Acute Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination
    • Elias S Sotirchos, Assistant Professor of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
    Submitted December 12, 2022
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