Reduced Number of Thymoma CTLA4-Positive Cells Is Associated With a Higher Probability of Developing Myasthenia Gravis
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Abstract
Background and Objectives Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease associated with comorbid thymoma in 10%–15% of cases. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) expressed by T cells downregulates T-cell–mediated immune response. Polymorphisms in the CTLA4 gene have been associated with the development of MG. In this context, we aimed to determine whether CTLA4 expression in the thymoma differs between patients with and without MG and whether CTLA4 gene polymorphisms are associated with these differences.
Methods This is a retrospective study of all patients, with and without MG, surgically treated at our institution for thymoma between January 2010 and December 2020. Ten samples were obtained from normal thymuses as controls. The number of CTLA4-positive cells in paraffin-embedded thymoma samples was determined by immunohistochemistry. The presence of follicular-center and regulatory T-cell lymphocytes was determined by immunohistochemistry (B-cell lymphoma [BCL]-6 expression) and double immunofluorescence–based staining of CD4-FOXP3, respectively. We evaluated the association between thymic expression of CTLA4 and the development of MG. We also determined the association between CTLA4 expression and various clinical and prognostic characteristics of MG. We sequenced the CTLA4 gene and evaluated possible associations between CTLA4 polymorphisms and thymic CTLA4 expression. Finally, we assessed the potential association between these polymorphisms and the risk of MG.
Results Forty-one patients with thymoma were included. Of them, 23 had comorbid MG (56.1%). On average, patients with MG had fewer CTLA4-positive cells in the thymoma than non-MG patients: 69.3 cells/mm2 (95% CIs: 39.6–99.1) vs 674.4 (276.0–1,024.0) cells/mm2; p = 0.001 and vs controls (200.74 [57.9–343.6] cells/mm2; p = 0.02). No between-group differences (MG vs non-MG) were observed in the number of cells positive for BCL6 or CD4-FOXP3. CTLA4 expression was not associated with differences in MG outcome or treatment refractoriness. Two polymorphisms were detected in the CTLA4 gene, rs231770 (n = 30 patients) and rs231775 (n = 17). MG was present in a similar proportion of patients for all genotypes. However, a nonsignificant trend toward a lower CTLA4-positive cell count was observed among carriers of the rs231775 polymorphism vs noncarriers: 77.9 cells/mm2 (95% CI: −51.5 to 207.5) vs 343.3 cells/mm2 (95% CI: 126.2–560.4).
Discussion Reduced CTLA4 expression in thymoma may predispose to a higher risk of developing MG.
Glossary
- AChR=
- acetylcholine receptors;
- BCL=
- B-cell lymphoma;
- CTLA4=
- cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4;
- EDTA=
- ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid;
- GWAS=
- genome-wide association study;
- IgG=
- immunoglobulin G;
- MG=
- myasthenia gravis;
- MGFA-PIS=
- MG Foundation of America postintervention status;
- PBS=
- phosphate buffer solution;
- Treg=
- T regulatory;
- WHO=
- World Health Organization
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article.
The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors.
Submitted and externally peer reviewed. The handling editor was Associate Editor Marinos C. Dalakas, MD, FAAN.
- Received September 7, 2022.
- Accepted in final form November 23, 2022.
- © 2023 American Academy of Neurology
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