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August 2015; 2 (4) Views & ReviewsOpen Access

Aquaporin-4 autoimmunity

Anastasia Zekeridou, Vanda A. Lennon
First published May 21, 2015, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000110
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  • Figure 1
    Figure 1 Representative spinal cord MRIs from patients with neuromyelitis optica

    Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis of the cervical (A) and cervicothoracic (B) region (T2-weighted images) with nonhomogeneous gadolinium enhancement in multiple levels of the spinal cord (C) (T1-weighted image with gadolinium injection) in aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G–seropositive patients.

  • Figure 2
    Figure 2 Representative brain MRIs from patients with neuromyelitis optica

    Lesions are localized at sites of high aquaporin-4 expression (white dots). Patient 1: around the 3rd ventricle and hypothalamus; patient 2: around the 4th ventricle; patient 3: around the 4th ventricle and aqueduct; patient 4: periependymal, around lateral ventricles, cervical lesion extends into the brainstem; patient 5: thalamus, hypothalamus, optic chiasm, around the 4th ventricle, subpial in cerebellar hemispheres; patient 6: around the 4th ventricle and cerebellar peduncles. Modified with permission from Pittock et al. Arch Neurol 2006. Copyright © 2006 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

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