Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the clinical relevance of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab) in a cohort of adults with inflammatory demyelinating disease (IDD) of the CNS.
Methods: Live cell-based assays for MOG-Ab (IgG1 subset) and antibody to aquaporin-4 (AQP4-Ab) were performed in a cohort of 270 adult patients with IDD and 72 controls. Patients were first grouped by positive antibody result as MOG-Ab or AQP4-Ab, and the remainder were grouped by published diagnostic criteria.
Results: Seventeen patients with IDD (6.3%) had MOG-Abs and 49 patients (18.1%) had AQP4-Abs; none had both antibodies. The MOG-Ab patients predominantly manifested with isolated symptoms of optic neuritis (83%). One-third of these patients experienced relapses, which involved only the optic nerve, and all relapsed within 1 year of disease onset. At onset, MRI in the MOG-Ab group uniquely demonstrated perineural enhancement, extending to the soft tissues around the optic nerves (33%). Although about 30% of MOG-Ab patients had brain MRI lesions, they had fewer periventricular lesions than the 26 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS); none of these lesions were ovoid or perpendicular to the ventricle. Moreover, MOG-Ab patients did not meet the diagnostic criteria for definite neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and had less spinal cord involvement than the AQP4-Ab group. Four patients (23.5%) had poor visual outcomes (<0.2) or paraplegia.
Conclusions: MOG-Abs may be a disease-specific biomarker in adult patients with IDD who have a disease distinct from NMO or MS. The radiologic as well as clinical manifestations of MOG-Ab patients can be useful in their differential diagnosis.
GLOSSARY
- Ab=
- antibody;
- ADEM=
- acute disseminated encephalomyelitis;
- AQP4=
- aquaporin-4;
- ATM=
- acute transverse myelitis;
- CIS=
- clinically isolated syndrome;
- EDSS=
- Expanded Disability Status Scale;
- IDD=
- inflammatory demyelinating disease;
- MOG=
- myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein;
- MS=
- multiple sclerosis;
- NMO=
- neuromyelitis optica;
- NMOSD=
- NMO spectrum disorder;
- ON=
- optic neuritis;
- VA=
- visual acuity
Inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDDs) of the CNS are a group of heterogeneous autoimmune inflammatory diseases that include multiple sclerosis (MS),1 neuromyelitis optica (NMO),2 acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM),3 optic neuritis (ON),4 and acute transverse myelitis (ATM).5 Autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4-Abs), specific to NMO, were discovered a decade ago6 and have greatly facilitated the identification of clinical manifestations of NMO,7 the differentiation of NMO spectrum disease (NMOSD) from MS,8 and the use of more-appropriate treatments.9
Several recent studies have shown the presence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab) in the serum of adult patients with the NMOSD phenotype.10,11 However, the clinical relevance of MOG-Abs among adult patients with IDD is not yet clear.12 In this study, a large number of sera from adults with IDD and controls were tested for antibodies to MOG and AQP4 by cell-based assays.13 The clinical features of patients with MOG-Abs are described and compared to those of patients with AQP4-Abs or MS.
METHODS
Patients and controls.
The study population (IDD group) consisted of 270 consecutive patients with IDD who were suspected of having MS,1 definite NMO2 or clinical features of NMOSD,7 ADEM,3 clinically isolated syndrome (CIS),14 ATM,5 or ON.15 This study also included 72 controls with noninflammatory diseases, including tumors (n = 15), vascular disease (n = 11), peripheral neuropathy (n = 7), encephalitis (n = 5), metabolic disease (n = 5), ocular disease (n = 5), degenerative spinal disease (n = 5), hereditary disease (n = 4), infection (n = 3), psychogenic problems (n = 3), motor neuron disease (n = 2), and others (n = 7).
All patients were older than 16 years16 and visited Seoul National University Hospital MS/NMO Clinic (IDD group) or Neurology Clinic (control group) between November 2010 and October 2013. All patients were followed for more than 6 months.
Assay for AQP4-Ab and MOG-Ab.
Samples were immediately centrifuged, stored at −80°C according to the standard protocols,16 and shipped on dry ice to the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. Only serial study numbers and initials of the patients were provided, and the diagnoses and epidemiologic data were unknown to the testing personnel (M.R.W., P.W.). The samples were analyzed for binding to AQP417 and MOG13 using cell-based assays. Antibodies to full-length MOG were detected with anti-human IgG1.
Classification of patients.
Patients were grouped based on antibody test results as the MOG group, AQP4 group, double-positive group, or seronegative group (figure e-1 at Neurology.org/nn). In the seronegative group, those meeting the international panel criteria for relapsing-remitting MS1 were further classified as the MS group. Patients were also classified according to diagnostic criteria for definite NMO,2 ADEM,3 ATM,5 or ON.15 Two neurologists (S.-M.K. and J.-S.K.) independently assessed the diagnoses of the patients according to their symptoms and published criteria.1,–,3,5,15 For any diagnostic disagreement, discussion and reassessment of the medical record were made to achieve consensus.
Comparison of the clinical, radiologic, and prognostic characteristics.
Epidemiologic data, frequency of attacks, involved structures, patterns of MRI abnormalities, CSF analysis, disability and severity, response to treatment, and disease courses were assessed blinded to the antibody status. The frequency of attack was measured only in patients who were followed for more than a year. Maximal Kurtzke Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score18 at the nadir of disease and at last follow-up were assessed. A perineural enhancement pattern of the optic nerve was defined as an extensive enhancement pattern that was not limited to the optic nerve but extended to the soft tissues of the orbit. A relapse was defined as an episode of a new neurologic deficit that lasted at least 24 hours and occurred more than 1 month apart from a previous attack. An exacerbation was defined as an aggravation in the symptoms of a previous attack that lasted at least 24 hours, followed a period of nadir or recovery of a previous attack, was not attributable to fever or fatigue, and occurred within 1 month from the onset of a previous attack. A steroid-dependent relapse or exacerbation was defined as a relapse or exacerbation that occurred within 1 month from the cessation or dose reduction of oral steroid.
Statistical analysis.
The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by pairwise comparison, or one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey test were performed to compare the clinical characteristics between the MOG-Ab, AQP4-Ab, and MS groups. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 22; SPSS, Chicago, IL).
Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents.
The study was approved by the Seoul National University Hospital Institutional Review Board (approval number: H-1012-080-344). All patients provided written informed consent before participating.
RESULTS
Classification of patients and frequencies of MOG-Ab and AQP4-Ab.
Overall, serum antibodies in 17/270 (6.3%) of the IDD patients bound to MOG (MOG group) and antibodies in 49/270 (18.1%) bound to AQP4 (AQP4 group), with no double-positives. None of the controls were positive for either MOG-Ab or AQP4-Ab. Twenty-six of the 204 seronegative IDD patients fulfilled the international panel criteria for relapsing-remitting MS (MS group). Others were classified as having seronegative NMO (n = 3), primary progressive MS (n = 3), ADEM (n = 5), ATM (n = 107), ON (n = 38), or CIS (n = 22), which was similar to a previous study on Korean IDD.17
MOG-Abs were most frequent in patients with recurrent or bilateral ON (10/30; 33.3%) or those with a single ON attack (4/27; 14.8%), whereas only 1/125 patients with ATM (0.8%), 1/7 with ADEM (14.3%), and none with definite NMO (n = 23) had MOG-Abs. AQP4-Ab positivity was found in patients with definite NMO (20/23; 87.0%) but also in patients with recurrent or bilateral ON (5/30; 16.7%), ADEM (1/7; 14.3%), or ATM (17/125; 13.6%). The assay results are summarized in figure e-1, and the proportion of each disease group with MOG- and AQP4-Abs is shown in figure 1.
Overall, 6.3% of patients with inflammatory demyelinating disease were myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab) positive (black) and 18.1% were aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) positive (blue). The majority of MOG patients had optic neuritis (ON), whereas the majority of AQP4 patients had either neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or acute transverse myelitis (ATM). Just over 50% of patients with recurrent or bilateral ON were antibody-positive. ADEM = acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.
Characteristics of IDD patients with MOG-Ab.
The most common symptomatic clinical manifestation in the MOG group was isolated ON (83.3%; table 1). Although most of these cases with isolated ON were recurrent or bilaterally simultaneous/consecutive, 4 of them manifested as a single attack of unilateral ON. The visual acuity (VA) was severely affected at nadir, with VA less than or equal to 0.2 in 75% (9/12) of patients. Perineural enhancement that extended around the soft tissue of the optic nerve, visualized by MRI, was found in 33% of patients in the MOG group (table 1 and figure 2). This pattern of orbital inflammation was more prominent in their first ON attacks than in subsequent ON attacks (data not shown). Brain MRI abnormalities were found in only 5 (29%) of these patients, and they were asymptomatic in 3 cases (figures 3 and 4). They tended to be large (>3 cm) and involve white matter and the internal capsule (figure 3, A and B); in some cases, they mimicked the lesions of posterior reversible encephalopathy (figure 3, C and D). There were also symmetric brainstem lesions involving pontine tegmentum (figure 3, E–G). There were no ovoid lesions or lesions perpendicular to the ventricles as typically found in MS.
Comparison of clinical, radiologic, and prognostic characteristics of MOG group with MS and AQP4 group
One-third of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–positive patients revealed extensive enhancement patterns that were not confined to the optic nerve but extended to the soft tissues around the optic nerves (perineural enhancement) (A–D), which were not observed in the neuromyelitis optica group (E and F) or the multiple sclerosis group (G and H). All MRIs were T1-weighted with gadolinium enhancement. Red lines in A, C, E, and G highlight the level where the transverse images in B, D, F, and H are taken.
Extensive brain lesions with large diameter (A and B), posterior reversible encephalopathy–like lesions (C and D), and symmetric brainstem lesions involving pontine tegmentum (E–G) were found in the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab) group. A, C, D, F, and G = fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; B = T2-weighted image; E = double inversion recovery.
Five myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab)–positive patients experienced a relapse, all of which manifested as optic neuritis (ON). All patients with a relapsing disease course experienced a relapse within the first year of disease onset. Blue bar represents treatment period for relapse prevention.
Only 2 MOG-Ab patients (11%) had spinal cord involvement, but the lesions were very long (8–9 continuous vertebral segments).
MOG-Ab patients with poor outcomes.
Although MOG-Ab patients have previously been shown to have a generally good recovery,10 4 of our 17 patients had severe sequelae, 3 from their first attack. Patient 6 had severe bilateral ON, causing VA of 0.02 in the better eye. Although her VA improved after steroid treatment, it remains poor (0.15) after recovery. Patient 11 was initially misdiagnosed as having ischemic optic neuropathy and hence was not treated with steroids or plasmapheresis; she was referred to us after several months but was left with a poor VA of less than 0.2 bilaterally. Patient 17 became completely paraplegic after the first attack of longitudinally extensive myelitis, which involved the conus medullaris. Aggressive acute-phase treatment, including high-dose methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis, and cyclophosphamide, was given, but he remains wheelchair-dependent nearly 4 years later. Patient 1 experienced 5 attacks of ON within 2 years of onset, which led to a confirmed VA of only hand motion perception in the right eye despite treatment with azathioprine and oral prednisolone. He was switched to rituximab to prevent further relapses and further loss of vision in the left eye and has been relapse free for 7 months (table e-1 and figure 4).
Comparison of the clinical, radiologic, and prognostic characteristics between groups.
There was no difference in patient age at onset, but the well-recognized female predominance in AQP4 patients is reproduced here (table 1).
ON was more common in MOG-Ab patients than in the other 2 groups, and perineural enhancement of the optic nerve was found only in MOG-Ab patients. They also had fewer relapses and were more likely to have a monophasic disease course (no relapse within 2 years). All 11 relapses in the 5 relapsing patients with MOG-Abs involved only the optic nerve, and 4 of 5 made an excellent recovery. In contrast, there was significantly more brain or spinal cord involvement in relapses in the other 2 groups (87.0% in the MS group, 86.7% in the AQP4 group).
On brain MRI, the MOG group had fewer brain abnormalities, fewer periventricular lesions, and fewer ovoid lesions perpendicular to the ventricle than the MS group. Surprisingly, none of the MOG group met the 2006 Wingerchuk criteria for NMO, and the MOG group had fewer patients with spinal cord involvement than the AQP4 group.
However, there was no difference in the number of relapses during the onset year in the 3 groups, no difference in onset EDSS between MOG-Ab patients and those with MS or AQP4-Ab (table 1), and no difference in the number of patients who had an EDSS score ≥6 at onset or at the last follow-up. The severe disability in the MOG group resulted from the initial attack in 3 of 4 cases (table e-1). The MOG group had a relatively short mean follow-up time of 3 years, but fewer patients in this group received any treatment (5/17; 29.4%) compared to the AQP4 (43/49; 96.2%) and MS groups (25/26; 96.2%).
DISCUSSION
The potential significance of MOG-Abs, measured against full-length MOG expressed in human cells, is only just beginning to be appreciated. In adult patients with IDD, these antibodies have been reported in a proportion of AQP4-Ab-negative patients with clinical features of NMOSDs.10,11 However, there are still concerns about the ability of MOG serostatus to distinguish between MS and non-MS conditions and double-positive patients.
In this unselected study of 270 adult patients with IDD, just over 6% had IgG1 MOG-Abs, another 18.1% had AQP4-Abs, and none had both antibodies. Patients with MOG-Abs had a disease distinct from MS and NMO that is highlighted by differences in clinical manifestations, radiologic findings, treatment responses, and prognosis. Although the MOG-Abs seem to define a disease with a generally good prognosis, some patients (4/17; 23.5%) were left with severe functional impairments, including complete paraplegia.
The IDD patients with MOG-Abs presented more often with ON, more frequently manifested with symptoms of isolated ON (83%), and had a more monophasic course (71%) than those in the MS and AQP4-Ab groups. Particularly striking was the perineural enhancement of the optic nerve that extended to the soft tissues around the optic nerve, which was not observed in the MS or AQP4 groups and which was most evident in the first attack. Steroid-dependent relapses or exacerbations were found in 20% of patients in the MOG group but not in the MS group. All patients with MS had brain lesions (38% had ovoid lesions perpendicular to the ventricles) compared to less than half of the MOG patients, none of whom had MS-typical brain lesions19 but instead had large-diameter lesions or symmetric brainstem lesions involving the pontine tegmentum. Although spinal cord lesions were less common in the MOG group, the lesions in 2 patients were very extensive.
There were also differences between MOG-Ab and AQP4-Ab patients. MOG-Ab patients did not meet the revised criteria for definite NMO.10,11,2 In agreement with previous studies, we highlight the strong predilection of MOG-Abs for the optic nerve and less so for the spinal cord, unlike AQP4-Abs, which show opposite preferences (table 1).
The majority of the patients with MOG-Abs had a monophasic course, as already suggested by previous studies.10,11 However, 5 (29%) of our patients with MOG-Abs experienced relapses. All of these relapses involved only the optic nerves, and the first relapse always occurred within 1 year from disease onset. These repeated patterns of ON attacks in patients with MOG-Abs were partly consistent with a recent study on pediatric patients with MOG-Abs.20
Recently, 2 important studies have described the clinical characteristics of adult patients with MOG-Abs.10,11 However, both of these studies aimed to characterize the features of NMOSD patients with MOG-Abs compared to those with AQP4-Abs in a cohort limited to patients with clinical features of NMOSDs.10,11 In this study we evaluated the clinical relevance of MOG-Abs in a large number of consecutive adults with IDD and identified some important radiologic features of MOG-Ab patients, including perineural enhancement patterns around the optic nerve and patterns of brain lesions. These findings suggest that adult IDD with MOG-Abs is a separate entity from NMO and MS.
The clinical relevance of MOG-Abs has already been studied in pediatric cohorts, which have shown that this antibody has a sensitivity of 40% for pediatric patients with ADEM.21,22 However, in our study, only 1 of 8 patients (patient 16 in the MOG group) with clinical features of ADEM had MOG-Abs3 (figure 1 and table e-1), suggesting that some MOG-Ab-positive patients may present as clinical mimics of ADEM. As the optimal diagnostic criteria for ADEM is still debated, detection of MOG-Abs may be an important aspect to consider.23
Although MOG-Ab patients were previously known to have a generally good recovery,10 4 of our patients (patients 1, 6, 11, and 17) had severe functional impairment, either VA of less than 0.2 or paraplegia. Patient 1, who experienced 5 ON attacks in 2 years and became nearly monocularly blind, had to be treated with rituximab to prevent complete blindness in both eyes. He has remained relapse free for 7 months after treatment with rituximab. Patient 17 with ATM remains completely paraplegic despite treatment with plasmapheresis and cyclophosphamide. Because the disability at attack nadir and neurologic sequelae were quite variable among patients with MOG-Abs, further studies are needed to identify prognostic factors for these patients. Of interest, the most severe disability (EDSS score of 8) in our MOG group was observed in patient 17, who had ATM involving the conus, which was highlighted in a previous study.10
This study has some limitations. Although the cohort screened was large, the number of MOG-Ab patients was relatively small. The average follow-up period of 3 years for the MOG group is short. The percentage of relapse-free MOG-Ab-positive patients is similar to previously published work,10 but only longer follow-up will tell whether the relapse-free patients (72%) remain so.
Nevertheless, it now seems clear that MOG-Abs are a biomarker for adult patients with IDD that have distinct serologic, clinical, and radiologic features from patients with MS or AQP4-Ab patients, suggesting that MOG-Abs might mediate a distinct disease.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Sung-Min Kim drafted the manuscript, designed the study, performed statistical analysis, and analyzed the data. Mark R. Woodhall, Ji-Sun Kim, and Seong-Joon Kim contributed to the acquisition of data. Kyung Seok Park contributed to patient and data recruiting. Angela Vincent revised the manuscript and was involved in study design. Kwang-Woo Lee contributed to patient and data recruiting. Patrick Waters drafted the manuscript, designed the study, confirmed the statistical analysis, and analyzed the data.
STUDY FUNDING
P. Waters, A. Vincent, and M. R. Woodhall are supported by NHS National Specialised Commissioning Group for Neuromyelitis Optica, United Kingdom, and by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. This work is supported by Grant No. A121118 from the Korea Health Industry Development Institute Research Fund and 03-2015-1284 SNUH Research Fund.
DISCLOSURE
S.-M. Kim received research support from the Korea Health Industry Development Institute Research Fund and SNUH Research fund. M.R. Woodhall, J.-S. Kim, S.-J. Kim, and K.S. Park report no disclosures. A. Vincent is on the editorial board for Neurology; was an Associate Editor for Brain; holds patents with Oxford University for LGI1/CASPR2 antibodies, licensed to Euroimmun AG, and for GABAAR antibodies, in negotiation with Euroimmun AG; receives royalties from Athena Diagnositcs, Euroimmun AG, Blackwell Publishing, and Mac Keith Press; consulted for Athena Diagnostics; and received research support from NIHR. K.-W. Lee reports no disclosures. P. Waters received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec Japan and Euroimmun AG, is a review editor for Frontiers in Molecular Innate Immunity, and holds a patent for assays for the detection of antibodies to lgi1, Caspr2, Tag-1, and GABAAR. Go to Neurology.org/nn for full disclosure forms.
Footnotes
Funding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Go to Neurology.org/nn for full disclosure forms. The Article Processing Charge was paid by the authors.
↵* These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.
Supplemental data at Neurology.org/nn
- Received June 22, 2015.
- Accepted in final form August 21, 2015.
- © 2015 American Academy of Neurology
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.
REFERENCES
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