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August 2016; 3 (4) ArticleOpen Access

Next-generation sequencing in neuropathologic diagnosis of infections of the nervous system

Steven L. Salzberg, Florian P. Breitwieser, Anupama Kumar, Haiping Hao, Peter Burger, Fausto J. Rodriguez, Michael Lim, Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa, Gary L. Gallia, Jeffrey A. Tornheim, Michael T. Melia, Cynthia L. Sears, Carlos A. Pardo
First published June 13, 2016, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000251
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Article Information

vol. 3 no. 4 e251
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000251
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Online ISSN: 
2332-7812
History: 
  • Received February 4, 2016
  • Accepted in final form May 9, 2016
  • First Published June 13, 2016.
Copyright & Usage: 
© 2016 American Academy of Neurology This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.

Author Disclosures

    1. Steven L. Salzberg, PhD,
    2. Florian P. Breitwieser, PhD,
    3. Anupama Kumar, MBBS,
    4. Haiping Hao, PhD,
    5. Peter Burger, MD,
    6. Fausto J. Rodriguez, MD,
    7. Michael Lim, MD,
    8. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa, MD,
    9. Gary L. Gallia, MD,
    10. Jeffrey A. Tornheim, MD,
    11. Michael T. Melia, MD,
    12. Cynthia L. Sears, MD and
    13. Carlos A. Pardo, MD
  1. Steven L. Salzberg, PhD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Associate Editor, Editorial Board member, or Editorial Advisory Board member for the following journals: Genome Biology, PeerJ Computer Science, BMC Biology, Biology Direct, Journal of Computational Biology, BMC Genomics, BMC Bioinformatics, Evolutionary Bioinformatics

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. National Institutes of Health, NHGRI, R01 HG006677, PI, 8/7/2015?6/30/2019 National Institutes of Health, NHLBI, R01 HL129239, PI, 07/01/2015?06/30/2018 National Institutes of Health, NIGMS, R01 GM083873, PI, 4/1/2014?3/31/2018

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Florian P. Breitwieser, PhD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Anupama Kumar, MBBS,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Haiping Hao, PhD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Peter Burger, MD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Fausto J. Rodriguez, MD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. Book: Diagnostic Neuropatology, second edition, Elsevier (2016)

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Michael Lim, MD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1. Novartis - DSMB 2. BMS 3. Stryker

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. 1. Stryker, honoraria and travel 2. BMS, honoraria and travel

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. 1. Methods patent for the combination of focused radiation and immunotherapy

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. 1. Handbook of Radiosurgery

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. 1. Stryker 2. BMS

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. 1. Neurosurgery - affect potentially number of surgeries performed

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. 1. Stryker - Research Support 2. BMS - Research Support 3. Aegenus - Research Support 4. CellDex- Research Support 5. Arbor - Research Support

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa, MD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. Speaker honoraria and travel funding paid from commercial entities Speak Inc. and American Program Bureau, Inc.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Cancer Today, Editorial Advisory Board, 2015-Present

    Patents:

    1. 1. NKCC1-pcDNA3-GFP. Quinones-Hinojosa A, Aprhys C, Garzon-Muvdi T. JHU Ref. #C12074 2. Microfluid Assay for the Determination of Tumor Cell Metastatic Propensity. Konstantopoulos K, Paul C, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos. JHU UMSOM Ref#C12511 3. A Novel, High-throughput, Nanotopographic Platform for Screening Cell Migratory Behavior. Christopher Smith, Andre Levchenko, Deok-Ho Kim, Quinones-Hinojosa A. JHU Ref. #C12838. PCT application number PCT/US2015/019692. 4.Quantitative Tissue Property Mapping for Real Time Tumor Detection and Interventional Guidance Li X, Chaichana K, Kut C, Mcveigh E, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Xi J. JHU Ref. #C12934. PCT application number PCT/US15/22432. 5. Nanoparticle Modification of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Brain Cancer and Other Neurological Diseases Quinones-Hinojosa A, Green J. JHU Ref. #C13152 6. Therapeutic Nanofiber Hydrogels for Local Treatment of Brain-Related Diseases. Cui H, Quinones-Hinojosa A. JHU Ref. #C13285 7. Methods for phenotypic classification of cells based on migratory behavior. Kilic O, Schiapparelli P, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Levchenko A. Ref. #C13721 8.Use of AGX/UAP Inhibitors to Inhibit Flux Through the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway. Saeui C, Shah S, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Yarema K. Ref# C13122 9.Self-Assembling Verteporfin amphiphiles (SAVA) for local brain cancer therapy. Shah S, Martinez-Gutierrez JC, Ruiz-Valls A, Lin R, Cui H, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Ref# C13797. 10.Predicting brain tumor patient prognosis. Konstantopoulos K, Paul C, Martinez-Gutierrez JC, Ruiz-Valls A, Sheng Wong B, Yankaskas, Quinones-Hinojosa A. JHU Ref#C13906 11.NAAG is an indicator of clinical prognosis for glioblastoma Slusher B, Poore B, Lee A, Shah S, Quinones-Hinojosa A. JHU Ref# C14019

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. 1. Quinones-Hinojosa A, (chief ed), Schmidek and Sweet Operative Neurosurgical Techniques, 6e. (eds). Elsevier, 2012. 2. Quinones-Hinojosa A, Eichler M. Becoming Dr Q: My Journey from Migrant Farm Worker to Brain Surgeon. UC Press, 2011. 3. Quinones-Hinojosa A, Eichler M. Dr. Q: La Historia de Como un Jornalero Migrante se Convirtio en Neurocirujano. LID Espanol, 2013. 4. Quinones-Hinojosa A and Raza S., Controversies in Neuro-Oncology: Best Evidence Medicine for Brain Tumor Surgery. Thieme, 2013. 5. Oscar Gonzalez-Perez, Jose M. Garcia-Verdugo, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Sonia Luquin, Graciela Gudino-Cabrera, and Rocio E. Gonzalez-Castaneda (eds). ?Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Brain: From Benchside to Clinic? Stem Cells International Volume 2012. 6. Boahene K and Qui?ones-Hinojosa A. Minimal access skull base surgery: open and endoscopic assisted approaches. 1st edition. Ed. by Boahene and Qui?ones-Hinojosa. India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD. 2016.

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. 1. Stryker 2. Integra

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. 1. Speak, Inc. 2. American Program Bureau, Inc.

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. 1. Stryker 2. Integra

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1. NIH, R01NS070024, Principal Investigator,8/1/2010 - 7/31/2015 2. NIH, Principal Investigator, 8/1/2015 - 7/31/2020 3. NIH, R01CA183827, P.I., 5/1/2015 - 4/31/2020 4. NIH/NCI, R01EB016721, Co-investigator, 1/1/2013 ? 12/31/20175. NIH/NCI, R01 CA166171, Co-investigator, 2/5/2013 - 1/31/2018 6. NIH/NCI, R01 CA166171, Co-investigator, 1/1/2011 - 6/31/2016

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. 1. Johns Hopkins University

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. 1. JHU Coulter Foundation 2. Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund (TEDCO) 3. Maryland Biotechnology Development Award 4. Allegheny Health Network-Johns Hopkins Cancer Research Fund

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Gary L. Gallia, MD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Chordoma Foundation

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Jeffrey A. Tornheim, MD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Michael T. Melia, MD,
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. I am a co-investigator for hepatitis C clinical trials conducted at my institution. Funding for these studies has been paid (by Merck, Sharpe & Dohme; Janssen; Gilead; Bristol-Myers Squibb; and AbbVie) to my institution.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 12/1/10-present?A Staged Phase I/II Study, to Assess Safety, Efficacy and Immunogenicity of a New Hepatitis C Prophylactic Vaccine Based on Sequential Use of AdCh3NSmut1 and MVA-NSmut? Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinical Trials NIH DMID HHSN266200400074C NIAID Total directs TBD; in excess of $10,000,000 PI: Andrea Cox Co-Investigator, effort 10%; A clinical trial of a novel prophylactic HCV vaccine in subjects at risk for HCV infection in which the immune response to the vaccine and correlates of protective immunity will be assessed.10/1/14 ? 9/30/18 ?Maryland Community Based Program to Test and Cure Hepatitis C? PS14-1413 CDC/MDHMH Total directs ~$1,200,000; JHU budget $347,383 per year PI: David Thomas (JHU), Lucy Wilson (MDHMH). (DHMH is the award recipient; JHU is a sub-recipient.) Co-Investigator, effort: 10%; A program designed to strengthen health care capacity to diagnose and cure hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection through implementation of a package of services in a target population with HCV-related health disparities.

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. 7/1/15-12/31/16 The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Institute for Excellence in Education $50,000 Principal investigator, 10% effort

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Cynthia L. Sears, MD and
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Clinical Infectious Diseases, Associate Editor, 2001-present

    Patents:

    1. Biofilms in colon cancer as diagnostic approach to identify individuals at risk for colon cancer.

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. UP-to-Date, reviewer for infectious diseases topics, 2010 to present

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1. R01CA179440, NIH, PI, 07/01/13-04/30/17 2. P30AI094189, NIH, project leader, 08/15/14-04/30/16 3. R01ES011858-23A1, NIH/NCI, co-investigator, 09/19/14-05/31/19 4. P30DK089502, NIH, co-investigator, 06/01/11-05/31/16 5. P50CA062924, NIH, project leader, 10/01/15-08/31/16 6. R01CA151393, NIH/NCI, PI, 09/02/10 ? 07/31/15 7. R01CA151325, NIH/NCI, PI, 7/06/10 ? 04/30/15

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. 1. Johns HOpkins Medicine/Applied Physics Laboratory 2. Johns HOpkins SIIME Award

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. 1. Institut Merieux

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  13. Carlos A. Pardo, MD
    14. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Accorda Pharmaceuticals, Clinical Trial, Co-investigator 2012-2014

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NIH/NINDS R21NS076381, Role: Principal Investigator, 2012-2015 NIH/NIMH R01NS055628, Role: Principal investigator, 2008-2014 NIH/NINDS R21TW0009741, Role: Co-investigator 2013-2015 NIH-NIMH P30MH075673, Role: Co-Investigator 2005-2016

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Bart McLean Fund for Neuroimmunology Research-Project Restore

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the Center for Computational Biology, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine (S.L.S., F.P.B.), Department of Neurology (A.K., C.A.P.), Deep Sequencing and Microarray Core (H.H.), and Departments of Pathology (P.B., F.J.R., C.A.P.), Neurosurgery (M.L., A.Q.-H., G.L.G.), and Medicine (J.A.T., M.T.M., C.L.S.), School of Medicine, and Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Computer Science, and Biostatistics (S.L.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
  1. Correspondence to Dr. Pardo: cpardov1{at}jhmi.edu
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Letters: Rapid online correspondence

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