Ma2 antibody-associated encephalitis is an inflammatory brain disease that associates with a systemic tumor in more than 90% of patients, most commonly a testicular germ-cell tumor, lung cancer, or breast cancer. The Ma2 antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis presents mostly as limbic, mesodiencephalic, or brain stem encephalitis. Cranial MRI often detects T2-hyperintense lesions that may progress to atrophy. However, other areas of the CNS, such as the brainstem, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the cerebellum, or the basal ganglia may also be affected. Approximately one-third of patients with Ma2 antibody-associated encephalitis initially show no abnormalities in MRI. Roughly two-thirds of cases present abnormalities in the CSF, such as pleocytosis, protein increase, and positive oligoclonal bands.1 In cases of paraneoplastic encephalitis, tumor therapy is crucial for improvement and prognosis. Immunotherapy using high-dose IV steroids, IV immunoglobulins, plasma exchange, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide is recommended.2,3 Here, we present an unusual clinical presentation of a Ma2-associated autoimmune encephalitis.
Case report
A 72-year-old Caucasian woman, a retired librarian, presented with a 2-year history of memory deficits and mood instability, as well as uncontrollable right arm movements in the past year. She had increasing difficulty remembering the content of conversations and often misplaced items. She was becoming progressively nervous and anxious. Symptoms suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy were denied. Because of the depressive mood, the patient was prescribed a medication with mirtazapine, and she reported no other medication. The patient had a medical history of osteoporosis and scoliosis.
On examination, there was a permanent chorea of the right arm (video 1) and mild sensory polyneuropathy. Neuropsychological testing demonstrated a mild multimodal cognitive impairment with deficits in memory, attention, executive function, and semantic fluency and mild depressive symptoms. Cranial MRI showed moderate microangiopathy and atrophy of the left hippocampus without contrast enhancement, and the EEG revealed epileptic potentials over the left temporal lobe. Diabetes and thyroid dysfunction were excluded, and ceruloplasmin level and antinuclear antibodies were within the normal range. CSF analysis showed a normal cell count and normal total protein, and isolated oligoclonal bands were present. Aβ40 and Aβ42, their ratio as well as tau and phospho-tau protein in the CSF were normal. Genetic testing failed to detect a mutation consistent with Huntington disease or other genetic disorders associated with choreatic disease (Huntingtin, PRNP, NKX2-1, ADCY5, FRRS1L, GNAO1, PDE10A, ATM). Paraneoplastic Ma2 antibodies were detected in serum using commercially available primate tissue-based assays and antigen-specific line blots (Euroimmun, Lübeck). PET—CT did not show evidence of a tumor. The patient was treated with 1 g methylprednisolone iv over 3 days followed by 1 mg/kg bodyweight prednisolone, slowly tapered over 3 months. Anticonvulsive therapy with lacosamide 100 mg b.i.d. was initiated. No immediate response was noted.
Video 1
Right-sided choreatic movementDownload Supplementary Video 1 via http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000557.inline-media
Nine months later, chorea and cognitive dysfunction were unchanged and the patient was no longer taking lacosamide. Repeat neuropsychological testing showed a similar profile compared with earlier testing. Cranial MRI remained unchanged and Ma2 antibodies were still detectable in serum. The EEG continued to demonstrate epileptic activity in the left hippocampal region. Repeat whole body PET-CT did not show any malignancy. The patient did not want a symptomatic therapy for the movement disorder.
Discussion
Ma2 antibody-associated encephalitis typically presents as limbic, mesodiencephalic, or brain stem encephalitis. Single cases of cerebellar ataxia, myelopathy, or radiculoplexopathy have been described.1 Symptoms of limbic encephalitis include memory impairment, behavioral or mood disorders, as well as new-onset epileptic seizures. Our patient with a to date non-paraneoplastic Ma2-associated syndrome developed chorea in the right arm in addition to classic symptoms of limbic encephalitis. Choreiform movement disorders have been described frequently in association with other autoimmune encephalitis, in particular, NMDA and CV2/CRMP5 antibody-associated encephalitis.4,5 Choreiform movement disorders can also be associated with other diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-phospholipid syndrome, Wilson disease, thyroid dysfunction, or diabetes.6 In the context of Ma2 antibody-associated encephalitis, there is, to our knowledge, only one comparable case of a movement disorder associated with Ma2-Ab in an Iranian male patient.7 In our patient, we interpreted the failure of improvement by steroids because of the already long duration of the disease symptoms. By this time, the active inflammation of the limbic encephalitis had probably already subsided. For this reason, we decided against further immunosuppressive therapy. We conclude that the atrophy of the hippocampus is the result of limbic encephalitis, leading to symptomatic epilepsy and persistent neuropsychological deficits. In conclusion, autoimmune etiology should be considered in patients with chorea, especially in the presence of cognitive dysfunction and antineuronal antibody screening initiated.
Study funding
No targeted funding reported.
Disclosure
N. Lamby reports no disclosures. L. Leypoldt served on the scientific advisory board for Roche, Biogen, received travel funding and/or speaker honoraria from Grifols, Teva, Biogen, Fresenius, Bayer, Roche, Novartis, Merck, Roche, performs commercial antibody testing for University Hospital Schleswig. J. Schulz served on the scientific advisory board for Novartis, MSD, received travel and speaker honoraria from Pfizer, Novartis, Lilly, Bayer, served as editor in chief for Journal of Neurochemistry, served on the editorial board for Synapse, eNeuro. S.C. Tauber served on the scientific advisory board for Roche and received travel and speaker honoraria from Novartis, Teva, Merck, Roche and Biogen. Disclosures available: Neurology.org/NN.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank Karmele Olaciregui Dague for English wording support.
Appendix Author contributions
Footnotes
Funding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/NN.
The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors.
- Received January 1, 2019.
- Accepted in final form February 27, 2019.
- Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.
Letters: Rapid online correspondence
REQUIREMENTS
If you are uploading a letter concerning an article:
You must have updated your disclosures within six months: http://submit.neurology.org
Your co-authors must send a completed Publishing Agreement Form to Neurology Staff (not necessary for the lead/corresponding author as the form below will suffice) before you upload your comment.
If you are responding to a comment that was written about an article you originally authored:
You (and co-authors) do not need to fill out forms or check disclosures as author forms are still valid
and apply to letter.
Submission specifications:
- Submissions must be < 200 words with < 5 references. Reference 1 must be the article on which you are commenting.
- Submissions should not have more than 5 authors. (Exception: original author replies can include all original authors of the article)
- Submit only on articles published within 6 months of issue date.
- Do not be redundant. Read any comments already posted on the article prior to submission.
- Submitted comments are subject to editing and editor review prior to posting.
