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July 2020; 7 (4) ArticleOpen Access

Is APOE ε4 associated with cognitive performance in early MS?

View ORCID ProfileSinah Engel, View ORCID ProfileChristiane Graetz, Anke Salmen, View ORCID ProfileMuthuraman Muthuraman, Gerrit Toenges, Björn Ambrosius, Antonios Bayas, Achim Berthele, Christoph Heesen, View ORCID ProfileLuisa Klotz, Tania Kümpfel, Ralf A. Linker, Sven G. Meuth, Friedemann Paul, Martin Stangel, Björn Tackenberg, Florian Then Bergh, Hayrettin Tumani, Frank Weber, Brigitte Wildemann, Uwe K. Zettl, Gisela Antony, Stefan Bittner, View ORCID ProfileSergiu Groppa, View ORCID ProfileBernhard Hemmer, Heinz Wiendl, Ralf Gold, Frauke Zipp, Christina M. Lill, View ORCID ProfileFelix Luessi, for the German Competence Network of Multiple Sclerosis
First published May 1, 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000728
Sinah Engel
From the Department of Neurology and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) (S.E., C.G., M.M., S.B., S.G., F.Z., C.M.L., F.L.), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.S., B.A., R.G.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Institute of Medical Biostatistics (G.T.), Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Department of Neurology (A. Bayas), Klinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (A. Berthele, B.H.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (C.H.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Clinic of Neurology (L.K., S.G.M., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Westphalian-Wilhelms-University Münster; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; Department of Neurology (R.A.L.), University Hospital Erlangen; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (B.T.), Philipps-University Marburg; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University of Ulm; Clinic of Neurology Dietenbronn (H.T.), Schwendi; Neurology (F.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich; Neurological Clinic (F.W.), Sana Kliniken des Landkreises Cham; Department of Neurology (B.W.), University of Heidelberg; Department. of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock; Central Information Office (CIO) (G.A.), Philipps-University Marburg; and Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group (C.M.L.), Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany.
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Christiane Graetz
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Anke Salmen
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Muthuraman Muthuraman
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Gerrit Toenges
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Björn Ambrosius
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Antonios Bayas
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Achim Berthele
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Christoph Heesen
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Luisa Klotz
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Tania Kümpfel
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Ralf A. Linker
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Sven G. Meuth
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Friedemann Paul
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Martin Stangel
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Björn Tackenberg
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Florian Then Bergh
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Hayrettin Tumani
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Frank Weber
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Brigitte Wildemann
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Uwe K. Zettl
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Gisela Antony
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Stefan Bittner
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Sergiu Groppa
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Bernhard Hemmer
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Heinz Wiendl
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Ralf Gold
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Frauke Zipp
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Christina M. Lill
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Felix Luessi
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Full PDF
Citation
Is APOE ε4 associated with cognitive performance in early MS?
Sinah Engel, Christiane Graetz, Anke Salmen, Muthuraman Muthuraman, Gerrit Toenges, Björn Ambrosius, Antonios Bayas, Achim Berthele, Christoph Heesen, Luisa Klotz, Tania Kümpfel, Ralf A. Linker, Sven G. Meuth, Friedemann Paul, Martin Stangel, Björn Tackenberg, Florian Then Bergh, Hayrettin Tumani, Frank Weber, Brigitte Wildemann, Uwe K. Zettl, Gisela Antony, Stefan Bittner, Sergiu Groppa, Bernhard Hemmer, Heinz Wiendl, Ralf Gold, Frauke Zipp, Christina M. Lill, Felix Luessi, for the German Competence Network of Multiple Sclerosis
Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm Jul 2020, 7 (4) e728; DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000728

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  • Table5
  1. Sinah Engel,
  2. Christiane Graetz, MD,
  3. Anke Salmen, MD,
  4. Muthuraman Muthuraman, PhD,
  5. Gerrit Toenges, MSc,
  6. Björn Ambrosius, PhD,
  7. Antonios Bayas, MD,
  8. Achim Berthele, MD,
  9. Christoph Heesen, MD,
  10. Luisa Klotz, MD,
  11. Tania Kümpfel, MD,
  12. Ralf A. Linker, MD,
  13. Sven G. Meuth, MD, PhD,
  14. Friedemann Paul, MD,
  15. Martin Stangel, MD,
  16. Björn Tackenberg, MD,
  17. Florian Then Bergh, MD,
  18. Hayrettin Tumani, MD,
  19. Frank Weber, MD,
  20. Brigitte Wildemann, MD,
  21. Uwe K. Zettl, MD,
  22. Gisela Antony, Dipl-Psych,
  23. Stefan Bittner, MD,
  24. Sergiu Groppa, MD,
  25. Bernhard Hemmer, MD,
  26. Heinz Wiendl, MD,
  27. Ralf Gold, MD,
  28. Frauke Zipp, MD,
  29. Christina M. Lill, MD,
  30. Felix Luessi, MD;
  31. for the German Competence Network of Multiple Sclerosis
  1. From the Department of Neurology and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) (S.E., C.G., M.M., S.B., S.G., F.Z., C.M.L., F.L.), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.S., B.A., R.G.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Institute of Medical Biostatistics (G.T.), Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Department of Neurology (A. Bayas), Klinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (A. Berthele, B.H.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (C.H.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Clinic of Neurology (L.K., S.G.M., H.W.), University Hospital Münster, Westphalian-Wilhelms-University Münster; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; Department of Neurology (R.A.L.), University Hospital Erlangen; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (B.T.), Philipps-University Marburg; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University of Ulm; Clinic of Neurology Dietenbronn (H.T.), Schwendi; Neurology (F.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich; Neurological Clinic (F.W.), Sana Kliniken des Landkreises Cham; Department of Neurology (B.W.), University of Heidelberg; Department. of Neurology (U.K.Z.), University of Rostock; Central Information Office (CIO) (G.A.), Philipps-University Marburg; and Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group (C.M.L.), Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Luessi luessi{at}uni-mainz.de
Scientific Advisory Boards:
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  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. NONE

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
  1. NONE

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. speaker honoraria and/or travel compensation for activities with Almirall Hermal GmbH, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme; none related to this work.

Editorial Boards:
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Other Activities:
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Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. Swiss MS Society

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
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Employment, Commercial Entity:
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Consultancies:
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  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
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  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
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  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
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Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. NONE

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
  1. Commercial, travel grant, 5000? Novartis for AAN 2016

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. Celgene GmbH, associate Regional Medical Liaison, since September 2018

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. FORUM Anschubfinanzierung, Medizinische Faktultät Ruhr Universität Bochum, Förderkennzeichen: F859-15

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. 1) Stock Option Celgene/ BMS since 20182) Stock Celgene/ BMS since 20183) Stock Novartis since 20194) Stock Bayer since 2019

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  1. NONE

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  1. (1) Merck Serono (2) Biogen (3) Novartis (4) TEVA (5) Sanofi/Genzyme (6) Roche

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. (1) Merck Serono: travel, speaker honoraria (2) Biogen: travel, speaker honoraria (3) Novartis: travel, speaker honoraria (4) TEVA: travel, speaker honoraria (5) Sanofi/Genzyme: travel, speaker honoraria (6) Roche: speaker honoraria

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. (1) Merck Serono (2) Biogen (3) Novartis

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. NONE

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. I received funding for travel and speaker honoraria from Alexion, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Mylan,Novartis, Roche and Teva.

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
  1. NONE

Editorial Boards:
  1. International Journal of MS Care, 2014 until now

Patents:
  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other activities:
  1. Received Research grants from Genzyme, Biogen, Roche, Novartis, Merck, Roche.

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. Genzyme Sanofi Aventis Biogen Novartis Merck Roche

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. German Minstery of Research, PI 2012-2016 Hertie Foundation, PI 2014-2016 German Innovation Fond, PI 2018-2021

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NMSS

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. (1) Genzyme (2) Novartis (3) Roche (4) Merck (5) Janssen (6) Alexion

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. (1) Novartis, speaker honoraria and travel support (2) Merck Serono, speaker honoraria and travel support (3) Biogen, speaker honoraria and travel support (4) Roche, speaker honoraria and travel support (5) Genzyme, speaker honoraria and travel support (6) Teva, speaker honoraria and travel support (7) Janssen, speaker honoraria and travel support (8) Santhera, speaker honoraria and travel support (9) Grifols, speaker honoraria and travel support (10)Alexion, speaker honoraria and travel support (11)Bayer,speaker honoraria and travel support

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. (1) Novartis (2) Biogen (3) Merck

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. (1) (CRC) SFB TR-128 Impact of dietary factors on the gut-CNS-axis – implications for CNS autoimmunity A08, Project leader, 2016-2020 (2) (CRC) SFB 1009 “Immune-cell interactions with endothelial cells and pericytes at the blood-brain- barrier: mechanisms and consequences” A03, Sub-project Leader, 2012-2020 (3) CRC; ‘The role of the nuclear receptor NR4A1 in acute ischemic stroke: pathophysiology, therapy evaluation and human translation';Sub-Project leader, 2018-2020 (4) Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Competence Network Multiple Sklerose: “Multi-parameter immune cell-profiling: identification of biosignatures to understand heterogeneity, prognosis and treatment response factors in MS“, 3.1 Sub-project Leader, 2016-2020 (5) Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, Münster (IZKF),

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. T. Kümpfel has served on advisory boards for Roche Pharma

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
  1. T. Kümpfel has received speaker honoraria from Bayer Healthcare, Teva Pharma, Merck, Novartis Pharma, Sanofi-Aventis/Genzyme, Roche Pharma and Biogen as well as grant support from Novartis and Chugai Pharma in the past.

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. Biogen, Celgene, Genzyme, Merck,Novartis, Roche.

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. Biogen, Celgene, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Roche.

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. Biogen, Novartis, Roche.

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. Biogen, Novartis.

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. (1) German association for Multiple Sclerosis (2) German Society for Neurology (DGN)(3) Neurology Trust (4) Center for Clinical Studies (ZKS) (5) Max Planck Society

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. Sven Meuth receives honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses for attending meetings from Almirall, Amicus Therapeutics Germany, Bayer Health Care, Biogen, Celgene, Diamed, Genzyme, MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, ONO Pharma, Roche, Sanofi- Aventis, Chugai Pharma, QuintilesIMS and Teva.

Editorial Boards:
  1. (1) PLoS One (editor) (2) DGNeurologie, founding member editorial board

Patents:
  1. (1)Effectivity of specific FXII/FXIIa inhibitors, particularly rHA-Infestin 4 used to treat neuro- inflammatoral diseases (WO 2013/113774 A1 and EP 2 263 110 A1) (2) Diagnosis of a novel autoimmune disease (European patent; 15001186.4 – 1402) (3)

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. Sven Meuth receives honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses for attending meetings from Almirall, Amicus Therapeutics Germany, Bayer Health Care, Biogen, Celgene, Diamed, Genzyme, MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, ONO Pharma, Roche, Sanofi- Aventis, Chugai Pharma, QuintilesIMS and Teva.

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. Research is funded by Almirall, Amicus Therapeutics Germany, Biogen, Diamed, Fresenius Medical Care, HERZ Burgdorf, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, ONO Pharma, Roche, and Teva.

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. Research is funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG), German Academic Exchange Service, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Studies (IZKF) Muenster, German Foundation Neurology, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung; Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. Research is funded by Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation, Hertie Foundation

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. Novartis OCTIMS study steering committee MedImmune / Viela Bio steering committee

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. speaker honoraria and travel grants from Bayer, Novartis, Biogen Idec, Teva, Sanofi-Aventis / Genzyme, and Merck Serono, Alexion, Chugai, MedImmune, Shire, Roche, Actelion, Celgene

Editorial Boards:
  1. Academic Editor, PLoS ONE Associate Editor, Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. consultancies for SanofiGenzyme, BiogenIdec, MedImmune, Shire, Alexion

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. Research support from from Bayer, Novartis, Biogen Idec, Teva, Sanofi-Aventis / Genzyme, Alexion and Merck Serono

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. German Research Council (DFG Exc 257), Werth Stiftung of the City of Cologne, German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis), Arthur Arnstein Stiftung Berlin, EU FP7 Framework Program (combims.eu)

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. Arthur Arnstein Foundation Berlin, Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, National Multiple Sclerosis Society of the USA

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. Alexion, Biogen, Bayer Healthcare, Baxalta/Shire/Takeda, Celgene, CSL Behring, Grifols, Janssen, MedDay, Merck- Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. Travel and speaker honoraria from Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, CSL Behring, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva

Editorial Boards:
  1. PLoS ONE, Academic Editor; Multiple Sclerosis International, Editorial Board Member

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. Biogen, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), EU FP7

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. Volkswagenstiftung

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. Commercial(1) CSL Behring(2) Grifols(3) Biogen(4) Novartis(5) Bayer Healthcare(6) Genzyme(7) UCB(8) Roche(9) GILEAD

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
  1. Commercial, speaker honoraria(1) CSL Behring(2) Grifols(3) Octapharma(3) Biogen(4) Novartis(5) Bayer Healthcare(6) Genzyme(7) Roche

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland

Consultancies:
  1. Commercial, Consultancy fees(1) CSL Behring(2) Grifols(3) Biogen(4) Novartis(5) Bayer Healthcare(6) Genzyme(7) UCB(8) Roche(9) GILEAD

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. Commercial(1) Biogen(2) Novartis

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. Speaker honoraria and consultancy fees as a speaker and advisor from Actelion, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and TEVA.

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
  1. NONE

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. Support for investigator-initiated trials from Actelion, Novartis. Travel support to attend scientific meetings, through the employing institution, from Bayer Schering, Biogen, Merck, Novartis and Sanofi Genzyme.

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. German Federal Ministry of Research; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, federal research funding agency)

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. Alexion, Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Teva

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. Speaker honoraria from Alexion, Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Teva

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. Sanofi

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. BMBF

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. University of Ulm

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. DMSG

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. (1) Merck-Serono

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. (1) Pfizer (2) Novartis

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. (1) Restless Legs Syndrom, Benckert-Hippius, Springer Verlag, 2019

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. Sana Kliniken des Landkreises Cham GmbH, Head of neurological clinic, 2 years

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Projects Biobanking and Omics in ControlMS as part of the Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis).

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. Brigitte Wildemann served on scientific advisory boards for Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Roche

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. Brigitte Wildemann has received personal fees from Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, TEVA Pharma, and from Sanofi Genzyme

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. Brigitte Wildemann reports grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie, grants from Dietmar Hopp Stiftung, grants from Klaus Tschira Stiftung, grants from Merck Serono, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, and from Sanofi Genzyme

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. NONE

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. Travel compensation for research meetings: (1) Aventis (2) Bayer (3) Biogen (4) Celgene Speakers fee: (1) Almirall (2) Alexion (3) Bayer (4) Biogen (5) Merck (6) Novartis (7) Roche (8) Teva

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. NONE

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
  1. NONE

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. (1) German Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF 01GI1304A, PI

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. University Marburg, Leader Central Information Office Competence Network Parkinson, 2016

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. NONE

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. S.B. has received honoraria for travel or speaker honoria from Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi- Genzyme.

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. NONE

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:
  1. NONE

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. Advisory Boards for Novartis, he has served as DMSC member for AllergyCare, TG Therapeutics and Polpharma Biologics

Gifts:
  1. Me or my institution have received speaker honoraria from Desitin

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. Excemed

Editorial Boards:
  1. Editorial board member of Jama Neurology, Experimental Neurology and Multiple sclerosis journal

Patents:
  1. I hold part of two patents; one for the detection of antibodies and T cells against KIR4.1 in a subpopulati on of MS patients and one for genetic determinants of neutralizing antibodies to interferon β

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. German Competence Network for Multiple Sclerosis Synergy Excellence Cluster German Research Foundation Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. (1) Biogen, (2) Evgen (3) MedDay Pharmaceuticals (4) Merck Serono (5) Novartis (6) Roche Pharma AG (7) Sanofi-Genzyme

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. (1) Alexion (2) Biogen (3) Cognomed (4) F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. (5) Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung (6) Merck Serono (7) Novartis (8) Roche Pharma AG (9) Sanofi-Genzyme (10) TEVA (11) WebMD Global

Editorial Boards:
  1. (1) PLOS ONE, Editorial board member, since 2013 (2) Neurotherapeutics, since 2013 (3) Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. (1) Abbvie (2) Biogen (3) IGES (4) Johnson & Johnson (5) Merck (6) Novartis (7) Roche (8) Sanofi-Genzyme (9) Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. (1) Bayer Healthcare (2) Bayer Vital (3) Biogen (4) Merck Serono (5) Novartis (6) Sanofi – Genzyme (7) Sanofi US (8) TEVA Pharma

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. (1) German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), 01GI1601E, principal investigator, 2016-2019 (2)Interdisciplinary Centre of Clinical Research (IZKF) Muenster, principal investigator, 2015-2018 (4)PML Consortium, principal investigator, 2016-2018 (5) German Research Foundation, principal investigator,SFB 1009 TP A3 + SFB-TR CRC128 TP A09 + SFB TR CRC128 TP A10, TR CRC128 TP V, TR CRC128 TP Z02 2016- 2020

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. (1) Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation (2) Fresenius Foundation (3) Hertie Foundation (4) RE Children’s Foundation

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. NONE

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. (1) TEVA Laquinimod DSMB

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. Speaker honoraria from Biogen, Genzyme, TEVA, Merckserono, BayerSchering,Celgene, Novartis

Editorial Boards:
  1. SAGE Journal TAND, Experimental Neurology

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. NONE

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Commercial Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

Research Support, Foundations and Societies:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:
  1. From Roche From Merck From Bayer

License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:
  1. NONE

Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:
  1. NONE

Legal Proceedings:
  1. NONE

Scientific Advisory Boards:
  1. NONE

Gifts:
  1. NONE

Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:
  1. (1) Teva, research grant and travel compensation (2) Novartis, research grant, consultation funds and travel compensation (3) Merck Serono, research grant and travel compensation (4) Bayer, research grant and travel compensation (5) Biogen Idec Germany, consultation funds and travel funds (6) Ono, consultation funds and travel funds (7) Genzyme, consultation funds and travel funds (8) Sanofi-Aventis, consultation funds and travel funds (9) Octapharma, consultation funds and travel funds

Editorial Boards:
  1. NONE

Patents:
  1. NONE

Publishing Royalties:
  1. NONE

Employment, Commercial Entity:
  1. NONE

Consultancies:
  1. (1) Teva (2) Merck Serono (3) Novartis (4) Bayer Healthcare (5) Biogen Idec Germany (6) Ono (7) Genzyme (8) Sanofi-Aventis (9) Octapharma

Speakers' Bureaus:
  1. NONE

Other Activities:
  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

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  1. NONE

Research Support, Government Entities:
  1. (1) DFG CRC128, Spokesperson/PI, 2012-2020 (2) DFG CRC1080, PI, 2013-2020 (3) BMBF KKNMS, Executive Board/PI, 2013-2019 (4) PCORI PRAG-MS, Director Subcontracted Organization, 2017-2021

Research Support, Academic Entities:
  1. NONE

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  1. Progressive MS Alliance - BRAVEinMS

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Abstract

Objective To assess the impact of APOE polymorphisms on cognitive performance in patients newly diagnosed with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS).

Methods This multicenter cohort study included 552 untreated patients recently diagnosed with CIS or RRMS according to the 2005 revised McDonald criteria. The single nucleotide polymorphisms rs429358 (ε4) and rs7412 (ε2) of the APOE haplotype were assessed by allelic discrimination assays. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the 3-second paced auditory serial addition test and the Multiple Sclerosis Inventory Cognition (MUSIC). Sum scores were calculated to approximate the overall cognitive performance and memory-centered cognitive functions. The impact of the APOE carrier status on cognitive performance was assessed using multiple linear regression models, also including demographic, clinical, MRI, and lifestyle factors.

Results APOE ε4 homozygosity was associated with lower overall cognitive performance, whereas no relevant association was observed for APOE ε4 heterozygosity or APOE ε2 carrier status. Furthermore, higher disability levels, MRI lesion load, and depressive symptoms were associated with lower cognitive performance. Patients consuming alcohol had higher test scores than patients not consuming alcohol. Female sex, lower disability, and alcohol consumption were associated with better performance in the memory-centered subtests of MUSIC, whereas no relevant association was observed for APOE carrier status.

Conclusion Along with parameters of a higher disease burden, APOE ε4 homozygosity was identified as a potential predictor of cognitive performance in this large cohort of patients with CIS and early RRMS.

Glossary

AD=
Alzheimer disease;
BDI-II=
Beck Depression Inventory II;
BMI=
body mass index;
CIS=
clinically isolated syndrome;
EDSS=
Expanded Disability Status Scale;
FSMC=
Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Function;
HWE=
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium;
MCI=
mild cognitive impairment;
MUSIC=
Multiple Sclerosis Inventory Cognition;
PASAT 3=
3-second paced auditory serial addition test;
RRMS=
relapsing-remitting MS;
SNP=
single nucleotide polymorphism

MS is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease, which mostly affects young adults. Apart from physical impairment, decline of cognitive functions is one of its most disabling aspects. A meta-analysis of data acquired by genome-wide association studies identified a total of 234 significant associations and a further 416 variants potentially associated with MS.1 However, so far, little is known about the contribution of genetic risk factors to the development of cognitive impairment in MS.

The APOE gene locus has been discussed as a possible mediator of cognitive impairment as it is associated with the evolution of dementias like Alzheimer disease (AD).2 It may encode 3 different isoforms of apolipoprotein E (APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4), which are defined by the haplotype combination of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 2 nearby loci on the APOE gene. The SNPs are labeled rs429358 (base exchange from cytosine to thymine [C>T] leading to the haplotype APOE ε4) and rs7412 (base exchange C>T resulting in the haplotype APOE ε2). The APOE ε4 haplotype leads to an amino acid exchange from cysteine to arginine at position 112 of the APOE protein resulting in the isoform APOE4, whereas the haplotype APOE ε2 leads to an amino acid exchange from arginine to cysteine at position 158 of the APOE protein resulting in the isoform APOE2. APOE ε3 is the common variant.3 APOE ε4 is associated with faster memory decline over the adult life course4 and is a major risk factor for AD, with an 8- to 12-fold increase in APOE ε4 homozygotes.3 Although it was shown in a sufficiently powered study that APOE variants have no effect on MS susceptibility,5 reports on the influence of APOE variants on cognitive performance in patients with MS have been contradictory.6,7 Therefore, this study aims to assess the potential impact of APOE polymorphisms on parameters of cognitive function in a large multicenter, prospectively collected German data set of untreated patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and early relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). As a number of demographic, clinical, MRI, and lifestyle risk factors have been shown to enhance cognitive decline in MS and to adversely influence disease progression,8,–,10 these were also included in the analyses.

Methods

Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents

This multicenter prospective longitudinal observational cohort study (German National MS Cohort) was approved by the ethics committee of Ruhr-University Bochum (registration no. 3714-10) and consecutively all local committees of the participating centers (22 centers in Germany). All patients provided written informed consent.

The German National MS cohort and clinical data

A total of 552 participants from the German National MS cohort, a multicenter, prospective, and observational study, were included. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Ruhr-University Bochum (registration no. 3714-10) as described previously.11 All participants were aged at least 18 years, untreated regarding disease-modifying therapies, and diagnosed with either CIS with first symptoms within the previous 6 months and fulfilling at least 3 Barkhof criteria12 or RRMS according to the 2005 revised McDonald criteria13 with first symptoms not more than 3 years before study enrollment. For inclusion, patients must not have received a steroid pulse due to a relapse in the 4 weeks before study enrollment. All participants provided written informed consent.

Assessments included clinical, demographic, MRI, and lifestyle variables and screening tests for cognitive function and blood sampling.11 At the point of study enrollment, patients were asked to assess their current drinking and smoking habits via questionnaire. In response to the question “Do you currently drink alcohol?”, patients could select from 3 categories: (0) no, (1) occasionally, and (2) regularly. Based on this, we dichotomized the participants into current no alcohol consumers (category 0) and current alcohol consumers (categories 1 and 2). Similarly, in response to the question “Do you currently smoke?”, patients could select from 6 categories: (0) no, (1) occasionally, but not on a daily basis, (2) up to 5 cigarettes daily, (3) 6–10 cigarettes daily, (4) 11–20 cigarettes daily, and (5) >20 cigarettes daily. We dichotomized the participants into current nonsmokers (category 0) and current smokers (all other categories). Body weight and height were physically measured on site at the time of study enrollment. Body mass index (BMI) was then calculated as BMI = weight (kg)/height (m)2. School-level education was categorized according to the highest school leaving qualification (level 1: lower-level secondary school [German Hauptschule]; level 2: higher-level secondary school; level 3: higher education entrance qualification [German Abitur]). Depressive symptoms were assessed by the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II),14 and severity of fatigue was evaluated by the Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC).15

Cognitive assessment

Cognitive assessment included the 3-second paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT 3) and the Multiple Sclerosis Inventory Cognition (MUSIC) cognitive screening tests.

The PASAT 3 is a measure of cognitive function that assesses auditory information processing speed, working memory, divided attention, and calculation ability. PASAT 3 data were extracted from the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite.16 Individual PASAT 3 test scores were z-standardized, stratified for age and education based on normative data from a German sample of n = 241 healthy controls.17,18

MUSIC is a brief multiple-domain cognitive screening test, which is widely used in German-speaking countries and was developed for the rapid assessment of the most frequently impaired cognitive domains in patients with MS. It consists of 5 cognitive subtests. In the subtests (1) and (2), the patient is asked to remember as many words as possible out of 2 consecutive word lists, each consisting of 10 different words to evaluate working memory. In subtest (3), the patient is given 2 alternating word categories, for which they are asked to find as many associated terms as possible within 1 minute. This subtest was designed to test verbal fluency. Subtest (4) is a modified Stroop Task and assesses susceptibility to interference. In subtest (5), the patient is asked to recall the terms of the first given list of words to asses memory consolidation.19 Individual test scores were z-standardized based on normative data from n = 158 German-speaking healthy young adults.17,19 All tests were taken for the first time at study enrollment so that results were not expected to be biased by learning effects.

Biosamples and genotyping

The SNPs rs429358 (ε4) and rs7412 (ε2) in APOE and the Y chromosome marker rs2032598 (for sampling and handling control) were analyzed using allelic discrimination assays based on TaqMan chemistry according to the manufacturer's protocol (Applied Biosystems, Inc.). Genotyping was performed on 96-well plates with approximately 5% controls run in duplicates across plates. Genotyping efficiency was ≥99.6% for all SNPs. Deviation of the genotypes from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) as a potential marker for genotyping quality was assessed using the Pearson χ2 test. The genotype distribution of rs429358 and rs7412 did not deviate from HWE.

MRI analysis

MRI scans of all patients with CIS and MS included a T1-weighted sequence, a fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images and were analyzed by a neuroradiologist with regard to lesion number, size, and location and to contrast-enhancing lesions. The neuroradiologist was blinded to clinical data.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 23.0 software (IBM Corp.). Continuous variables are described by their median and interquartile range, and categorical variables by numbers and percentages.

A variety of general sociodemographic factors known to influence cognitive status and previously discussed disease-specific risk factors for cognitive impairment in MS20 were assessed. The list of the potential predictors and their baseline characteristics are summarized in table 1. Age and education were not included in the further analyses as cognitive test results had already been corrected for age and education by z-standardization.

View this table:
Table 1

Patient characteristics

To approximate the overall cognitive performance of each patient, we calculated an unweighted mean z-score:

Mean z-score = (z-score of PASAT 3 + z-score of MUSIC total test score)/2.

In addition, the results of the memory-centered MUSIC subtests 1, 2, and 5 were added up to form a memory-centered sum score:

Memory-centered sum score = (z-score of verbal learning list A + z-score of verbal learning list B + z-score of verbal recall)/3.

To extract those factors, which contributed most to cognitive performance in our cohort, variables were preselected by performing univariate linear regression analyses of each potential predictor with the cognitive outcome parameter under investigation. Variables with p values of regression coefficients <0.1 were subsequently selected for inclusion to a multiple linear regression model for the respective outcome. Dichotomous variables were dummy coded.

All our analyses are exploratory. Hence, p values are only given for descriptive reasons. However, we consider an association as statistically relevant in case of p < 0.05.

Data availability

The raw data used in preparation of the figures and tables will be shared in anonymized format on request of a qualified investigator to the corresponding author for purposes of replicating procedures and results.

Results

Characteristics of the 552 patients included in this study are reported in table 1. Of note, 25.2% of the patients were carriers of the APOE ε4 allele. Ten of these (1.8%) were homozygotes, which is in line with the reported prevalence in healthy control populations of Caucasians21 and with the prevalence in a larger German cohort of patients with MS.22 Ethnicity of our cohort was homogeneous. Of note, 94.6% of the patients had grandparents of German origin only. The others (5.4%) had 1 grandparent with origin other than German. There were no patients with more than 1 grandparent with origin other than German enrolled in this study.

After preselection as described above, the parameters Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, BMI, BDI-II, FSMC, alcohol consumption, smoking, MRI lesion number, and APOE ε4 carrier status were included in a multiple linear regression model for the prediction of the overall cognitive performance evaluated by the mean score of the z-standardized PASAT 3 and MUSIC test scores. It was found that APOE ε4 homozygosity, higher disability level measured by the EDSS, higher MRI lesion number, and higher BDI-II scores were associated with lower performance in cognitive testing, whereas patients who consumed alcohol scored higher compared with patients who did not consume alcohol (table 2). The R2 of the overall model was 0.133 (adjusted R2 = 0.118). APOE ε4 heterozygosity was not associated with the overall cognitive performance.

View this table:
Table 2

Regression coefficients for mean cognitive test scores

To evaluate whether the effect of APOE ε4 carrier status was more pronounced in memory-mediated cognitive domains resembling its effects in AD, a sum score of the memory-centered subparts of the MUSIC test was investigated in a second multiple linear regression model. However, we found no relevant association of APOE ε4 homo- or heterozygosity with the memory-centered sum score in the univariate regression analysis. Therefore, APOE ε4 carrier status was not included in the multiple regression model for the memory-centered sum score. We found that male sex and higher EDSS scores were associated with worse performance in these subtests. In line with the results of the mean score of overall cognitive performance, alcohol consumption was associated with better test results again (table 3). The R2 of the overall model was 0.109 (adjusted R2 = 0.094).

View this table:
Table 3

Regression coefficients of the memory-centered MUSIC test subparts

The findings concerning the effect of alcohol consumption are limited by the fact that they were no longer detectable after variation of dichotomization into nondrinkers and occassional drinkers vs regular drinkers.

We observed no association of the APOE ε2 carrier status with any of the cognitive outcome parameters in the univariate regression analyses. Therefore, APOE ε2 carrier status was not included in any of the multiple linear regression models.

Discussion

Cognitive impairment is one of the most difficult challenges for young adults faced with a diagnosis of MS because neuropsychological symptoms may already be experienced early on23,24 and are among the main reasons for unemployment and reduced quality of life.25 We here assessed the putative role of APOE polymorphisms on the cognitive outcome parameters PASAT 3 and MUSIC test scores in patients with CIS and early RRMS of a homogenous cohort in terms of origin, short disease duration, and treatment-naive state.

Neither APOE ε2 carrier status nor APOE ε4 heterozygosity showed an influence on the evaluated cognitive outcome parameters. However, we observed a relevant association of APOE ε4 homozygosity with a lower overall cognitive performance.

In AD, APOE ε4 carriers have a higher risk of developing AD and show decreased APOE plasma levels compared with APOE ε2 and APOE ε3 carriers. Among APOE ε4 carriers, lower plasma levels are associated with an even greater risk of developing AD. Therefore, it was suggested that a decrease of APOE protein function mediates the evolution of AD and that the risk increases dose dependently.3 As APOE is thought to be involved in repairing neuronal injury, synapse formation, and scavenging of toxins,26,27 we hypothesized that impaired repair mechanisms in MS lesions could mediate more pronounced neurodegenerative processes in APOE ε4 carriers compared with noncarriers.

Our current finding that cognitive performance was impaired in homozygous APOE ε4 carriers only might indicate that a dose-dependent decrease of APOE function mediates cognitive decline in MS, as it does in AD, and that a prolonged follow-up would reveal more pronounced effects of APOE later in the course of MS. Supporting this, previous studies in smaller cohorts of patients with MS with mean disease durations of 8.328 and 13 years26 reported an association of APOE ε4 with dysfunction in some cognitive domains including verbal fluency and memory.

To evaluate whether the observed negative impact of APOE ε4 homozygosity on cognitive performance was mainly caused by impaired memory functions, resembling the assumed APOE ε4-mediated effects in AD,29 additional analysis of a memory-centered sum score was performed. However, we found no relevant association of APOE ε4 homo- or heterozygosity with this memory-centered sum score. This might indicate an AD-independent APOE ε4-mediated effect on cognitive performance in patients with MS. This hypothesis is also supported by the young median age of our cohort as APOE ε4-dependent progression of formerly cognitive unimpaired people to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD was found to be most pronounced in older people aged 70–75 years.30 Furthermore, a recent study using PET imaging biomarkers of AD even suggested that some aspects of MS pathobiology retard the accumulation of β-amyloid, which is one of the main pathologic correlates of AD.31 Nevertheless, we cannot exclude the possibility that patients with APOE ε4 homozygosity performed worse in the cognitive tests because of an APOE ε4-mediated increased risk of developing MCI or AD.

In an effort to correct for potential confounders, we included a range of parameters known or assumed to influence cognitive performance in patients with MS in our analyses. Apart from the putative impact of APOE ε4 homozygosity, we observed a relevant association of markers of the disease burden with the overall cognitive performance. Patients with a higher disability level as assessed by the EDSS and with a higher number of T2 lesions in MRI performed worse in cognitive testing, which is in line with previous reports.17,23,32 Higher scores of depressive symptoms in BDI-II were also associated with an impaired performance. Depression is known to be associated with reduced attention and processing speed in patients with MS.33 As PASAT 3 and MUSIC tests both include an assessment of these cognitive domains, our current finding seems plausible. Surprisingly, we observed a positive influence of alcohol consumption on the cognitive outcome, shedding light on recent reports associating alcohol consumption with lower neurologic disability in MS,34 and a reduced risk of developing MS.35 However, this finding has to be interpreted with care as it may be attributed to the dichotomization of drinking habits and as the questionnaires used in this study were not laid out for accurate quantification of alcohol consumption (e.g., units/month).

Two additional limitations of this study have to be addressed. First, the observed effect of APOE ε4 is based on a very low number of APOE ε4 homozygotes, which makes our findings sensitive to potential confounders, not accounted for. As the estimated prevalence of APOE ε4 homozygosity in Caucasian MS populations is only 1.8%, an even larger cohort than ours would be needed to improve the statistical power. Second, the tests used to assess cognitive performance in this study pose another potential limitation of our observations. PASAT 3 and MUSIC are both screening tests for cognitive performance, which offer the advantage that they may be incorporated into routine diagnostics comparatively easily. However, they lack the sensitivity and reliability to detect MS-specific cognitive impairment of extended test batteries, like for instance the Symbol Digit Modalities Test.36

Besides markers of disease burden, depression, and lifestyle habits, this study identified APOE ε4 homozygosity as a potential predictor of cognitive performance in this cohort of patients with CIS and early RRMS. This indicates a role of APOE as a genetic risk factor for cognitive impairment in MS and might even suggest an APOE ε4 effect unrelated to concomitant AD. Therefore, future work confirming the current findings in young homozygous APOE ε4 patients in a larger and independent MS cohort would be valuable.

Study funding

No targeted funding reported.

Disclosure

S. Engel, C. Graetz, M. Muthuraman, G. Toenges, G. Antony, and S. Groppa report no disclosures. A. Salmen received speaker honoraria and/or travel compensation for activities with Almirall Hermal GmbH, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme, none related to this work. B. Ambrosius received travel grants from Novartis, not related to this work. A. Bayas received personal compensation from Merck, Biogen, Bayer Vital, Novartis, Teva, Roche, and Sanofi/Genzyme and grants for congress trips and participation from Biogen, Teva, Novartis, Sanofi/Genzyme, and Merck. A. Berthele reports grants from Bayer HealthCare, personal fees from Biogen, Merck Serono, Teva, Novartis, and Genzyme, and compensations for clinical trials from Biogen, Novartis, Genzyme, Roche, and Alexion Pharmaceuticals. C. Heesen received research grants and speaker honoraria from Biogen, Genzyme, Roche, and Merck, none related to this work. L. Klotz received honoraria for lecturing and serving on advisory boards, as well as travel expenses for attending meetings and financial research support from Novartis, Biogen, Sanofi Genzyme, and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; German Research Society). T. Kümpfel received travel expenses and personal compensations from Bayer HealthCare, Teva Pharma, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis/Genzyme, Roche, and Biogen and grant support from Bayer Schering AG, Novartis, and Chugai Pharma, none related to this work. R.A. Linker received research support and/or personal compensation for activities with Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, Genzyme/Sanofi, Merck, Novartis Pharma, Roche, and Teva Pharma. S.G. Meuth received honoraria for lecturing, travel expenses for attending meetings, and/or financial research support from Almirall, Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, Diamed, Fresenius Medical Care, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, ONO Pharma, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, and Teva. F. Paul serves on the scientific advisory board for Novartis; received speaker honoraria and travel funding from Bayer, Novartis, Biogen Idec, Teva, Sanofi-Aventis/Genzyme, Merck Serono, Alexion, Chugai, MedImmune, and Shire; is an academic editor for PLoS One; is an associate editor for Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation; consulted for Sanofi Genzyme, Biogen Idec, MedImmune, Shire, and Alexion; and received research support from Bayer, Novartis, Biogen Idec, Teva, Sanofi-Aventis/Genzyme, Alexion, Merck Serono, German Research Council, Werth Stiftung of the City of Cologne, German Ministry of Education and Research, Arthur Arnstein Stiftung Berlin, EU FP7 Framework Program, Arthur Arnstein Foundation Berlin, Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation, and National Multiple Sclerosis of the USA. M. Stangel received honoraria for scientific lectures or consultancy from Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, Baxter/Baxalta, CSL Behring, Euroimmun, Grifols, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, and Teva. His institution received research support from Bayer HealthCare, Biogen Idec, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Teva. B. Tackenberg received personal speaker honoraria and consultancy fees as a speaker and advisor from Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, CSL Behring, Grifols, Merck Serono, Novartis, Octapharma, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, und UCB Pharma. His University received unrestricted research grants from Biogen Idec, Novartis, Teva, Bayer HealthCare, CSL Behring, Grifols, Octapharma, Sanofi Genzyme, and UCB Pharma. F. Then Bergh received travel support to attend scientific meetings, personal speaker honoraria, and consultancy fees as a speaker and advisor from Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva. He received, through his institution, unrestricted research grants from Novartis, Teva, Bayer HealthCare, and Actelion. He received funding from the DFG and, through TRM Leipzig, from the BMBF. H. Tumani received speaker honoraria from Bayer, Biogen, Fresenius, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Siemens, and Teva; serves as section editor for the Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Brain Research; and receives research support from Fresenius, Genzyme, Merck, and Novartis. Frank Weber received honoraria from Genzyme, Novartis, Teva, and Biogen for speaking or for serving on a scientific advisory board, a travel grant for the attention of a scientific meeting from Merck Serono and Novartis, and grant support from Merck Serono, Novartis, and from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Projects Biobanking and Omics in ControlMS as part of the Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis). B. Wildemann received grants from the German Ministry of Education and Research, Dietmar Hopp Foundation, and Klaus Tschira Foundation, grants and personal fees from Biogen, Merck Serono, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, and Teva Pharma, and personal fees from Bayer HealthCare, none related to this work. U.K. Zettl received speaker fees from Aventis, Almirall, Biogen, Bayer, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Teva. B. Hemmer served on scientific advisory boards for F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Novartis, Bayer AG, and Genentech; he has served as DMSC member for AllergyCare; he or his institution has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Teva Neuroscience, Merck Serono, MedImmune, Novartis, Desitin, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd; his institution has received research support from Chugai Pharmaceuticals and holds part of two patents, one for the detection of antibodies and T cells against KIR4.1 in a subpopulation of MS patients and one for genetic determinants of neutralizing antibodies to interferon β during the last 3 years. H. Wiendl receives honoraria for acting as a member of scientific advisory boards and as a consultant for Biogen, Evgen, MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche Pharma AG, and Sanofi Genzyme, as well as speaker honoraria and travel support from Alexion, Biogen, Cognomed, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche Pharma AG, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, and WebMD Global. Prof. Wiendl is acting as a paid consultant for AbbVie, Actelion, Biogen, IGES, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society. His research is funded by the BMBF, DFG, Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation, Fresenius Foundation, Hertie Foundation, NRW Ministry of Education and Research, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Studies (IZKF) Muenster and RE Children's Foundation, Biogen GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline GmbH, Roche Pharma AG, and Sanofi Genzyme. Ralf Gold serves on scientific advisory boards for Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering Pharma, and Novartis; has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Bayer Schering Pharma, and Novartis; serves as editor for Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Diseases and on the editorial boards of Experimental Neurology and the Journal of Neuroimmunology; and receives research support from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering Pharma, Genzyme, Merck Serono, and Novartis. F. Zipp has recently received research grants and/or consultation funds from the DFG, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Roche, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Celgene, ONO, and Octapharma. C.M. Lill reports no disclosures. F. Luessi served on the advisory board of Roche and received travel funding from Teva. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS). The authors thank Andreas Zymny for technical assistance and Cheryl Ernest for proofreading the manuscript.

Appendix 1 Authors

Table

Appendix 2 Coinvestigators

Table

Footnotes

  • Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article.

  • German Competence Network of Multiple Sclerosis coinvestigators are listed in the appendix 2 at the end of the article.

  • The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors.

  • Received July 14, 2019.
  • Accepted in final form March 27, 2020.
  • Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

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