Abstract
Objective To evaluate the value of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies reactive with phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lactosylceramide (LC) as biomarkers in MS.
Methods We developed an ultrasensitive ELISA technique to analyze serum IgG and IgM antibodies to LC and PC, which we used to analyze samples from 362 patients with MS, 10 patients with non-MS myelin diseases (Non-MSMYDs), 11 patients with nonmyelin neurologic diseases (Non-MYNDs), and 80 controls. MS serum samples included clinically isolated syndrome (CIS, n = 17), relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS, n = 62), secondary progressive MS (SPMS, n = 50), primary progressive MS (PPMS, n = 37), and benign MS (BENMS, n = 36).
Results We detected higher levels of serum IgM antibodies to PC (IgM-PC) in MS than control samples; patients with CIS and RRMS showed higher IgM-PC levels than patients with SPMS, PPMS, and BENMS and controls. MS and control samples did not differ in serum levels of IgM antibodies reactive with LC, nor in IgG antibodies reactive with LC or PC.
Conclusions Serum IgM-PC antibodies are elevated in patients with MS, particularly during the CIS and RRMS phases of the disease. Thus, serum IgM-PC is a candidate biomarker for early inflammatory stages of MS.
Classification of evidence This study provides Class III evidence that serum antibodies to PC are elevated in patients with MS. The study is rated Class III because of the case control design and the risk of spectrum bias: antibody levels in patients with MS were compared with healthy controls.
Glossary
- BCR=
- B-cell receptor;
- BENMS=
- benign MS;
- CIS=
- clinically isolated syndrome;
- IgG=
- immunoglobulin G;
- IgG-PC=
- IgG to PC;
- IgG-LC=
- IgG to LC;
- IgM=
- immunoglobulin M;
- IgM-LC=
- IgM to LC;
- IgM-PC=
- IgM to PC;
- LC=
- lactosylceramide;
- Non-MSMYD=
- non-MS myelin disease;
- Non-MYND=
- nonmyelin neurologic disease;
- PC=
- phosphatidylcholine;
- PPMS=
- primary progressive MS;
- RRMS=
- relapsing-remitting MS;
- SPMS=
- secondary progressive MS
The high prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) oligoclonal bands in the CSF has guided multiple studies focused on the identification of antibody targets in MS.1,2 Lipids are a major component of myelin, the main target of the autoimmune response in MS.3 New antigen microarray techniques have allowed the detection of lipid-reactive antibodies in the CSF of patients with MS.4,5 Indeed, IgG antibodies to sulfatide, ganglioside GM4, and galactocerebroside6,–,9 worsen disease pathogenesis in MS experimental models.4 In addition, patients with MS harboring CSF IgM reactive with phosphatidylcholine (PC) develop a more severe disease course.6,7,10,–,12 Moreover, serum IgG antibodies to lactosylceramide (LC) are associated with cerebral tissue damage in patients with MS.13 These data suggest that lipid-reactive antibodies may contribute to disease pathogenesis and constitute useful as biomarkers in MS.
In this study, we evaluated the potential of lipid-reactive antibodies as biomarkers in MS. We detected increased levels of serum IgM antibodies to PC (IgM-PC) in patients with MS. In contrast, we did not detect differences in serum IgG antibodies to PC (IgG-PC), nor IgM or IgG to LC (IgM-LC and IgG-LC, respectively) between MS and controls. Thus, serum IgM-PC is a candidate biomarker for MS.
Methods
Study design
We developed an ELISA technique to study IgG and IgM antibodies reactive with LC and PC in patients with MS. This Class III retrospective cohort control study included individuals from different cohorts (United States and Spain). The study included a narrow spectrum of persons with MS, non-MS myelin diseases (Non-MSMYDs) and nonmyelin neurologic diseases (Non-MYNDs) with a retrospective longitudinal follow-up, and without neurologic disease (controls). The MS patient and control samples analyzed are described in table 1. The samples were analyzed by ELISA by an investigator blinded to disease status; the diagnostic test results and disease status were determined by different team members. Clinical information was provided from a clinical database of the different patients with associated biobanks (blood and CSF samples).
Demographic and clinical data from patients with MS, Non-MSMYD, and Non-MYND and control group
Patients
Samples were obtained from the Comprehensive Longitudinal Investigation of Multiple Sclerosis (CLIMB, Boston, MA) and EPIC (San Francisco, CA), as part of the SUMMIT consortium14,15; from the Servicio de Neurologia Hospital Virgen del Rocio (Sevilla, Spain); from the Servicio de Inmunología del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (Madrid, Spain); and from the Servicio de Neurología del Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud (Madrid, Spain). The classification and clinical data of all samples analyzed are summarized in table 1.
Peripheral blood samples from patients with MS (362), patients with Non-MSMYD (10), patients with Non-MYND (11), and from 80 individuals without neurologic diseases (control group) were collected. Patients were free of relapses at the time of blood sample collection. Sera samples were aliquoted and stored at −80°C until analyzed.
ELISA assay
To detect IgG and IgM antibodies reactive with LC (Matreya, State College, PA) and PC (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 96-well plates were first coated with LC diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide and PC diluted in methanol at 10 μg/mL. After washing 3 times with phosphate-buffered saline, the wells were treated with blocking solution. Serum samples were diluted (1/50, 1/100, 1/200) in blocking solution and pipetted into the wells because we obtained the higher signal and a lower background. IgG or IgM antibodies were detected with anti-human IgG biotin and anti-human IgM biotin, respectively (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA), followed by avidin–horse peroxidase (Sigma-Aldrich). Finally, we used TMB-one (Kementec, Taastrup, Denmark) as substrate. Plates were read at 450 nm using an Infinite 200 PRO spectrophotometer (Tecan instrument, Zürich, Switzerland). We classified a serum as positive when the optic density was higher than mean ± 2 × SEM of the control group.
Statistics
Statistical analyzes were performed with GraphPad Prism (version 6.0) and IBM SPSS 24 statistical packages. p Values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. We used the Mann-Whitney U test for comparisons between 2 groups and the Kruskal-Wallis test for multiple group comparisons. To analyze the fraction of individuals harboring lipid-reactive antibodies, we used the Fisher test for comparisons between MS and control group and the Pearson χ2 test for comparisons among different MS types. OR and 95% CI were used to estimate the association between the presence of antibodies and the disease.
Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents
The study was approved by the Bioethics Committees of the participant hospitals. All the participants gave verbal and written informed consent for sample collection.
Data availability
The corresponding authors will provide anonymized data of this study on reasonable request from any qualified investigator, following relevant data protection regulations.
Results
Increased serum IgM antibodies to PC in MS
We first analyzed serum IgG and IgM antibodies to PC and LC in patients with MS and controls. We detected higher IgM reactivity against PC (IgM-PC) in MS serum samples (95% CI 0.03–0.15; 95% CI 0.04–0.17; United States and Spain cohorts, respectively) (figure 1A). Serum IgM-PC levels were not related to sex, age, or disease duration (table e-1, links.lww.com/NXI/A265). In a preliminary study, we detected lower serum IgM-PC levels in patients with MS treated with natalizumab than in those untreated (data not shown). We did not detect significant differences in serum IgM to LC (IgM-LC) nor in IgG reactivity to PC (IgG-PC) or LC (IgG-LC) between patients with MS and controls (figure 1B and not shown).
(A) Serum IgM-PC controls. Boxes represent the median of OD ± percentiles 25–75, and whiskers include 100% of the patients. Percentile 25 = 0.0559. Percentile 75 = 0.2416. (B) Serum IgM-LC. Boxes represent the median of OD ± percentiles 25–75, and whiskers include 100% of the patients. Percentile 25 = 0.0559. Percentile 75 = 0.2416. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare different groups. C = control group; IgM-LC = IgM to lactosylceramide; IgM-PC = IgM to phosphatidylcholine; NS = nonsignificant; OD = optic density.
IgM-PC antibodies are associated with disease course and subtype
We then analyzed serum IgM-PC levels at different MS phases. We detected higher serum IgM-PC levels in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) (95% CI 0.17–0.31; 95% CI 0.12–0.29), relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) (95% CI 0.16–0.25; 95% CI 0.10–0.23), secondary progressive MS (SPMS) (95% CI 0.09–0.22; 95% CI 0.03–0.20), and primary progressive MS (PPMS) (95% CI 0.00–0.06; 95% CI 0.04–0.14) samples compared with benign MS (BENMS) or controls, respectively (figure 2A). Moreover, we detected higher serum IgM-PC antibody levels in CIS (95% CI −0.02 to 0.19; 95% CI 0.04–0.19) and RRMS (95% CI −0.01 to 0.10; 95% CI 0.02–0.13) samples than in SPMS or PPMS samples; controls harbored higher serum IgM-PC levels than BENMS (95% CI 0.00–0.07). We did not observe differences in IgM-PC serum antibodies between CIS and RRMS samples, nor between SPMS and PPMS samples. We detected increased IgM-PC levels (above percentile 50) in 23% of control, 89% of CIS, 87% of RRMS, 48% of SPMS, 59% of PPMS, and 8% of BENMS samples. We did not detect differences in IgM-LC levels when we analyzed samples taken from different MS subtypes (figure 2B).
(A) Serum IgM-PC. Boxes represent the median of OD ± percentiles 25–75, and whiskers include 100% of the patients. Percentile 25 = 0.0559. Percentile 75 = 0.2416. (B) Serum IgM-LC. Boxes represent the median of OD ± percentiles 25–75, and whiskers include 100% of the patients. Percentile 25 = 0.0559. Percentile 75 = 0.2416. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for multiple group comparisons, and when significances were detected, Mann-Whitney U test to compare 2 groups. BEN = benign; C = control group; CIS = clinically isolated syndrome; IgM-LC = IgM to lactosylceramide; IgM-PC = IgM to phosphatidylcholine; NS = nonsignificant; PP = primary progressive; RR = relapsing-remitting; SP = secondary progressive.
To further investigate the value of IgM-PC antibodies as biomarkers, we analyzed the fraction of IgM-PC positive samples, which was higher in the MS group than in controls (OR 4.66; 95% CI 2.40–9.07) (table 2). The fraction of IgM-PC positive samples was higher in the CIS (OR 22.50; 95% CI 4.53–111.90), RRMS (OR 24.00; 95% CI 8.78–65.63), SPMS (OR 4.14; 95% CI 1.78–9.62), and PPMS (OR 4.40; 95% CI 1.77–10.91) groups than in controls. We also observed significant differences between CIS (OR 60.00; 95% CI 9.87–364.90), RRMS (OR 64.00; 95% CI 17.38–235.60), SPMS (OR 11.05; 95% CI 1.39–36.02), or PPMS (OR 11.73; 95% CI 3.43–40.13) and BENMS. CIS (OR 5.43; 95% CI 1.12–26.34) and RRMS (OR 5.79; 95% CI 2.20–15.22) showed the highest fraction of IgM-PC compared with SPMS. We also detected significant differences in the frequency of IgM-PC positive serums between CIS (OR 5.11; 95% CI 1.02–25.72) or RRMS (OR 5.45; 95% CI 1.95–15.19) and PPMS (figure 3).
IgM-PC and IgM-LC in patients with MS, Non-MSMYD, and Non-MYND and control group
Bars represent the percentage of positives or negatives in relation to the total number of individuals analyzed in each group. Dot bars: IgM-PC negative. Crossed bars: IgMP-PC positive. The Pearson χ2 test was used for comparisons among different MS types. BEN = benign; CIS = clinically isolated syndrome; IgM-PC = IgM to phosphatidylcholine; NS = nonsignificant; OD = optic density; PP = primary progressive; RR = relapsing-remitting; SP = secondary progressive.
IgM-PC antibodies in other neurologic diseases
Finally, we analyzed serum IgM-PC levels in samples from patients affected by other neurologic diseases. Patients with MS exhibited higher IgM-PC levels compared with the Non-MSMYD group (95% CI 0.02–0.23); these differences were larger compared with CIS samples (95% CI 0.09–0.34); similar IgM-PC levels were detected between MS or CIS samples and Non-MNYD (figure 4A).
(A) Serum levels of IgM-PC in MS, clinically isolated syndrome, Non-MSMYDs, and Non-MYNDs. Boxes represent the median of OD ± percentiles 25–75, and whiskers include 100% of the patients. Percentile 25 = 0.0559. Percentile 75 = 0.2416. (B) Percentage of positive IgM-PC serums in patients with MS, Non-MSMYD, and Non-MYND. Bars represent the percentage of positives or negatives in relation to the total number of individuals analyzed in each group. Dot bars: IgM-PC negative. Crossed bars: IgMP-C positive. The Fisher test was used for comparisons between MS or CIS groups and patients with other neurologic diseases. CIS = clinically isolated syndrome; IgM-PC = IgM to phosphatidylcholine; Non-MSMYD = non-MS myelin disease; Non-MYND = nonmyelin neurologic disease; NS = nonsignificant; OD = optic density.
We detected IgM-PC (above percentile 50) in 30% of Non-MSMYD and 63.7% Non-MNYD samples. In addition, we also detected significant differences in the fraction of IgM-PC–positive MS (OR 5.179; 95% CI 1.40–19.18) or CIS (OR 25.00; 95% CI 3.52–177.60) and Non-MSMYD samples (figure 4B).
Discussion
In this work, we report the detection by ELISA of IgM serum antibodies reactive with PC in patients with MS. Microarray-based assays detected lipid-reactive serum antibodies in patients with MS, potentially associated with different disease processes.13 Serum antibodies to gangliosides have been described in 13–50% of patients with MS and about 40% of patients affected by other autoimmune diseases.16 IgM antibodies reactive with cholesterol have also been detected in patients with MS, but their roles as biomarkers were not investigated.17 Our study differs from these reports in that we analyzed serum antibody reactivity directed against antigens different from those previously investigated; in particular, we focused on IgM serum antibodies reactive with PC detected by ELISA. In addition, we analyzed different disease stages and found that most of the patients in the first relapse or during the relapsing-remitting phase present IgM-PC.
Technical problems related to antigen solubility, accessibility of reactive groups, and the requirement of auxiliary lipids are linked to the detection of lipid-reactive antibodies.17,18 Moreover, the detection of IgG oligoclonal bands is cumbersome, among other reasons because it requires CSF collection, and the sensitivity achieved varies between laboratories, ranging from 91% to 69%.19 We detected increased serum IgM-PC in most MS patient samples, with a sensitivity comparable to that of IgG oligoclonal bands. The ELISA assay described in our article showed a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 77.2%. Although we detected IgM-PC in some control group nonmyelin neurologic disease samples, these pathologies are not usually mistaken for MS during the differential diagnosis. Thus, the analysis of serum IgM-PC may complement other prognostic markers such as CSF antibodies.12 Future studies should analyze the relevance of IgM-PC for MS pathology and diagnosis.
It should be kept in mind that other lipids may also be relevant antibody targets in MS. Moreover, as we already mentioned, we also detected serum IgM-PC in some control and Non-MSMYD and Non-MYND samples. The detection of IgM-PC in patients with MS and also in Non-MYND samples suggests that IgM-PC antibodies are generated in the context of CNS damage. Indeed, we did not detect a high prevalence of IgM-LC antibodies, probably reflecting the fact that PC, and not LC, is one of the main components of myelin. These findings are in line with the generation of IgM reactive with PC in response to its release from damaged myelin. However, it is still unclear whether IgM-PC contributes to disease pathology.
The presence of B cells in blood reactive with brain antigens has been linked to disease relapses in MS.20 Conversely, B cell–targeting therapies are efficacious in the management of MS.21 We detected higher serum IgM-PC levels in patients with CIS and RRMS than patients with SPMS and PPMS, suggesting that serum IgM-PC reflects ongoing inflammation and myelin destruction driven by peripheral immune cells. These data are in agreement with a central role for CNS intrinsic mechanisms during the progressive phase of MS.22,23 Indeed, we previously reported that lipid-reactive IgM OCBs in CSF persist during disease course,10 and we also detected IgM and IgG antibodies deposited on axons and oligodendrocytes in MS CNS samples,24 suggesting that these antibodies are produced locally within the CNS, probably in meningeal follicle-like structures.25,–,28 Although pathogenic activities have been assigned to some lipid-reactive antibodies,4 the role of IgM-PC antibodies in MS pathogenesis is still unclear, and they may simply reflect the release of target lipids as a result of myelin destruction.4,29,–,31
PC-reactive IgMs are part of the natural antibody repertoire, which provides protection against multiple pathogens.32,–,34 Natural autoantibodies are produced in a T cell–independent manner by B-1 cells35,36 and usually do not undergo isotype switching to IgG.37 One mechanism thought to drive the generation of natural antibodies is the ability of their target antigens to trigger signaling via the B-cell receptor (BCR) as well as additional stimulatory pathways in B cells.38 Because PC is reported to modulate multiple aspects of B-cell biology,39,40 it is possible that PC released from myelin in the context of inflammation simultaneously activates PC-reactive B-1 cells via the BCR and additional pathways to expand preexisting natural antibody responses. Indeed, increased serum levels of the myelin components GM1 and GD1a are detected in patients with RRMS.41 Moreover, our finding of increased serum IgM-PC suggests that B-1 cell hyperactivity may also contribute to MS pathology,42 as reported in other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.43 Indeed, the number of B-1 cells in the CSF is linked to poor prognosis in patients with MS.12
In conclusion, our results identify IgM-PC antibodies as potential biomarkers for MS. Future studies should extend these observations to additional patient cohorts, analyze the effect of disease-modifying therapies on serum concentration of IgM-PC antibodies, and investigate the role of these immunoglobulins in MS pathogenesis.
Study funding
This work was supported by grants NS087867, ES02530, AI126880, and AI093903 from the NIH and RSG-14-198-01-LIB from the American Cancer Society to F.J.Q., grant PCON11/2016 from Banco Santander to M.C.S., and grants USP-BS-PPC16/2012 and MEMERG-1 from Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, and PI14/01620 from Banco Santander to U.M. V.R. was supported by a fellowship from the German Research Foundation (DFG RO4866 1/1) and an educational grant from Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals (A219074). M.C.S. was supported by a fellowship form the CEU-Banco (XII Convocatoria de ayudas a la movilidad investigadora CEU-BANCO SANTANDER) Santander. C.S. was supported by a fellowship from Fundación Universitaria San Pablo-CEU–Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada. S.E.B. holds the Heidrich Family and Friends endowed chair in Neurology at UCSF. The SUMMIT consortium is supported by NMSS grant RR 2005-A-13 (RG-1510-06785).
Disclosure
The authors declare no conflict of interest. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures.
Appendix Authors
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article.
The Article Processing Charge was funded by the NIH.
- Received January 28, 2019.
- Accepted in final form April 9, 2020.
- Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.
References
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