Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus, also called severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in Wuhan, China, and caused a pandemic disease (COVID-19). Respiratory impairment is the most common symptom in patients with confirmed COVID-19; however, neurologic symptoms were documented in approximately 36%, including headache, disturbed consciousness, and paresthesia.1 The virus can take different pathways to involve the CNS: in one way through hematogenous or lymphatic route and in another way via the cribriform plate close to the olfactory bulb. Very few studies have shown CNS abnormalities related to COVID-19 on MRI. Herein, we report a case of SARS-CoV-2 brain lesions suggesting an acute demyelination.
Case
A 54-year-old woman was admitted in the emergency department for a respiratory distress. She had an unremarkable medical history except for a treated mild arterial hypertension. No history of toxic substances was found. She presented with an 8-day history of fever, asthenia, and respiratory symptoms. On admission, her respiratory rate was 35–40 with an oxygen saturation of 75%. The patient's Glasgow Coma Scale score was 14 with altered mental status but without focal neurologic deficit. Blood investigation showed an increased C-reactive protein (346 mg/L), hyperferritinemia, and elevated liver enzymes. A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2 was positive in nasopharyngeal swab. Her CSF was hemorrhagic because of a traumatic lumbar puncture but without any other abnormality. RT-PCR screening for neurotropic agents was negative. A CT of the lungs demonstrated pathologic findings compatible with a severe COVID infection. Endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation in prone position led to a rapid improvement of the respiratory distress. Hydroxychloroquine in combination with azithromycin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid treatment was initiated. After stopping sedation at day 2, the patient presented with wake-up delay and her GSC score was 6. A CT scan of the brain demonstrated hypodense lesions involving supratentorial white matter and pallidum bilaterally. Initially, an embolic cause was suspected but cardiac ultrasound and ECG were normal. EEG showed a slowed background activity. At day 7, a brain MRI revealed lesions with restricted diffusion without any hemorrhage or enhancement after gadolinium injection (figure). The thalamus, the striatum, and the posterior fossa were spared. The intracranial vessels were without abnormalities on time-of-flight and postcontrast 3D T1-weighted black-blood images. No sinovenous thrombosis was noted. At day 9, a second lumbar puncture was performed, and it was shown that no relevant alterations and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 remained negative. Although the consciousness slightly improved, a hemiplegia on the right side was observed at day 10. A follow-up MRI showed no new lesions. However, all lesions had homogenous contrast enhancement without any sign of hemorrhage. A spinal cord MRI was without abnormalities. Steroid treatment was initiated after negative nasopharyngeal PCR on day 12.
Multiple supratentorial punctiform and tumefactive lesions involving the white matter bilaterally and showing hypersignal on coronal fluid attenuation and inversion recovery (FLAIR; A), axial T2-weighted images (B), and diffusion-weighted imaging (C) with low apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC; D). Some lesions are periventricular or involve the corpus callosum with a mass effect on the left lateral ventricle (*). Note the restricted diffusion with hyperintensity on FLAIR images within the globus pallidum bilaterally (black arrows). On a follow-up brain MRI, the lesions demonstrate avid enhancement on postgadolinium coronal and axial T1-weighted images (E).
Discussion
The first radiologic description of neurologic complications due to SARS-CoV-2 infection was described by Poyiadji et al.2 with a case of acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE), probably related to virus-induced cytokine storm. The most characteristic finding in ANE is the bilateral and symmetrical thalamus involvement with possible restricted diffusion or hemorrhage. Then, meningitis and encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 were also described3 with leptomeningeal enhancement, perfusion abnormalities, and ischemic stroke. Several mechanisms are supposed to lead to CNS involvement such as toxic encephalopathy, inflammatory, and autoimmune or hypoxia injuries.4 In our case, the distribution of bilateral but asymmetrical lesions with periventricular and deep white matter involvement is rather suggestive of an acute demyelination. In a murine model, the mouse hepatitis coronavirus can cause an acute demyelination5 with probable implication of astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells. In 2004, Ann Yeh et al.6 described the first case of pediatric acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) associated with a coronavirus. However, some findings such as sparing the infratentorial white matter, the restricted diffusion, and the prominent involvement of the pallidum are unusual for ADEM. Besides demyelination, the associated punctiform lesions might be consistent with ischemic lesions because of small-vessel vasculitis. SARS-CoV-2 infects the host using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor that is expressed in several organs, especially in endothelial cells. Recently, Varga et al.7 have showed direct viral infection of the endothelial cell and diffuse endothelial inflammation. This endothelial dysfunction can lead to vasoconstriction and break of the blood-brain barrier with cerebral ischemia and inflammation. Although mechanisms remain obscure, our case shows the importance of the MRI in the exploration of neurologic symptoms in COVID-19. Demyelination or small-vessel CNS vasculitis might be a rare but silent complication of sedated patients with COVID-19.
Study funding
No targeted funding reported.
Disclosure
J.P. Stellmann received research funding from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Biogen, and Genzyme outside the submitted work. J.P. Stellmann received travel support and personal fees from Alexion, Biogen, and Genzyme outside the submitted work. All other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures.
Appendix Authors
Footnotes
The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors.
Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article.
- Received April 28, 2020.
- Accepted in final form May 2, 2020.
- Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.
Letters: Rapid online correspondence
REQUIREMENTS
You must ensure that your Disclosures have been updated within the previous six months. Please go to our Submission Site to add or update your Disclosure information.
Your co-authors must send a completed Publishing Agreement Form to Neurology Staff (not necessary for the lead/corresponding author as the form below will suffice) before you upload your comment.
If you are responding to a comment that was written about an article you originally authored:
You (and co-authors) do not need to fill out forms or check disclosures as author forms are still valid
and apply to letter.
Submission specifications:
- Submissions must be < 200 words with < 5 references. Reference 1 must be the article on which you are commenting.
- Submissions should not have more than 5 authors. (Exception: original author replies can include all original authors of the article)
- Submit only on articles published within 6 months of issue date.
- Do not be redundant. Read any comments already posted on the article prior to submission.
- Submitted comments are subject to editing and editor review prior to posting.
You May Also be Interested in
Hastening the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Dr. Brian Callaghan and Dr. Kellen Quigg
► Watch
Topics Discussed
Alert Me
Recommended articles
Early postmortem brain MRI findings in COVID-19 non-survivors
Encephalopathies Associated With Severe COVID-19 Present Neurovascular Unit Alterations Without Evidence for Strong Neuroinflammation
Neurologic and neuroimaging findings in patients with COVID-19
A Prospective Study of Neurologic Disorders in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in New York City