Abstract
Objective To evaluate disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) receiving rituximab with an extended dosing interval.
Methods In the context of COVID-19 pandemic, this was an interim analysis of an ongoing prospective observational study of patients who were stable on rituximab for at least 6 months and who had a planned extended dosing interval of 24 months. Only data for patients with active RRMS before rituximab were analyzed.
Results Among 177 patients receiving rituximab, 33 had RRMS and MRI activity before rituximab and at least 8 months of follow-up after the last infusion. The mean (SD) age was 40 (14) years, 25 were females, the mean disease duration was 10 (6.8) years, the mean annual relapse rate (ARR) before rituximab was 1.7 (1.3), and the median Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score before rituximab was 4.5 (1–7). Before extended dosing, when rituximab was infused every 6 months, the mean (SD) ARR decreased to 0.04 (0.1) (p < 0.0001) and the EDSS score to 4 (0–7) (p = 0.04). At the time of this analysis, the median follow-up since the last infusion was 11 (8–31) months. No patient showed relapse or disability progression. In total, 30 patients had at least 1 MRI performed since the last infusion (median time between the last MRI and the last infusion 10 [8–31] months). No MRI showed activity. The CD19+ cell proportion was >1% for 10 of 25 patients at the last count (median time 8 [6–25] months).
Conclusions An extended dosing interval for rituximab for patients with stable MS during the COVID-19 pandemic may be associated with a low risk of disease activity.
Glossary
- ARR=
- annual relapse rate;
- CEL=
- contrast-enhancing lesion;
- EDSS=
- Expanded Disability Status Scale;
- nT2L=
- new T2 lesion;
- OFSEP=
- Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques;
- RRMS=
- relapsing-remitting MS
In the emergency context of the COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining anti-CD20 therapy is problematic because of the well-known risk of severe infectious diseases developing in patients under this therapy.1 The wait-and-see option, involving a survey of the potential increase in the incidence of severe COVID-19 infection in patients receiving anti-CD20 therapy before changing recommendations, is unsafe and ethically questionable. One careful option would be to delay reinfusion during the pandemic to limit immunodeficiency during this period.2
Anti-CD20 therapies are usually administered every 6 months, but their efficacy may be more prolonged in MS. In pivotal studies of rituximab in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS),3,4 efficacy was maintained for 12 months. Recently, Juto et al.5 did not find any return of disease activity in patients interrupting rituximab for different reasons. However, most patients switched to another treatment after rituximab withdrawal.
All these studies suggest that extending the delay between 2 infusions to 12 months could be possible in MS. However, this possibility cannot exclude a potential return of disease activity after 12 months, especially in patients with highly active RRMS. This issue must be addressed before systematically considering postponing anti-CD20 reinfusion during the COVID-19 pandemic.
On March 15, 2020, at the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic in France, an emergency meeting was organized in the tertiary MS center of Marseille to develop local recommendations for treatment management during this period. For suggesting an anti-CD20 therapy strategy, we decided to perform an interim analysis of the data from a larger ongoing monocentric prospective observational study of patients with MS receiving rituximab off-label with extended dosing. For this interim analysis, only data for patients with active RRMS just before rituximab were analyzed because of the highest risk of return of disease activity in these patients.
Methods
Protocol and participants
In 2018, our department initiated change in clinical practice concerning the dosing interval used for off-label rituximab in RRMS. All neurologists (A.M., A.R., C.B., S.D., J.P., and B.A.) have extended the interval between 2 infusions to 24 months, maintaining clinical visits every 6 months and MRI monitoring at least annually. Extending dosing was used for only patients showing no disease activity since the last rituximab infusion 6 months ago. This decision was based on the absence of standardized administration scheme for rituximab in RRMS as demonstrated by the heterogeneity of dosing intervals reported in the literature3,4,6,7 along with our experience with patients stopping rituximab for various reasons and to limit the potential infectious side effects related to hypogammaglobulinemia.8 Particularly, the 24-month interval was chosen according to a recent study finding a potential slight waning of the rituximab effect at 24 months after the last infusion.6
We limited this interim analysis to data concerning patients with RRMS showing disease activity confirmed by MRI performed during the year before rituximab initiation (new T2 lesion [nT2L] or contrast-enhancing lesion [CEL]) and with the last clinical follow-up at least 8 months after the last rituximab infusion.
Lymphocyte count
Flow cytometry immunophenotyping was used to count CD19+ lymphocytes. At least 5,000 lymphocytes were analyzed by Navios flow cytometry (Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL). The analysis was stopped when a minimum of 20 CD19+ events were detected. The maximum number of lymphocytes analyzed was 200,000. Lymphocyte counting was planned every 6 months.
Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents
This study was conducted within the framework of the national French registry designated as OFSEP (Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques; ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT02889965). Patients enrolled in our OFSEP center provided written consent for participation. OFSEP received approval from the Comité Consultatif sur le Traitement de l'Information en matière de Recherche dans le domaine de la Santé and Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés for storing clinical, biological, and imaging data for research purposes. This study was covered by this general approval and did not require any additional procedure according to French laws.
Statistical analysis
JMP 14.1.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used for statistical analyses. Changes in the mean relapse rate and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score were assessed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The proportion of patients with MRI activity was compared by the Fisher exact test. Because of multiple comparisons for the primary outcome (annual relapse rate [ARR] before, during, and after every 6-month infusion of rituximab), the p value was considered significant at 0.01 (Bonferroni correction).
For secondary outcomes (EDSS score and MRI lesions), p values are presented with effect size assessed by r rank correlation score for paired quantitative values (according to r = sqrt(t2)/sqrt(t2 + df) where t is the t-ratio of the test and df = n − 1, n is the number of observations) and with Cohen w for qualitative parameters (according to w = 2/N, N is the total sample size). An effect size 0.1–0.3 was considered small, 0.3–0.5 medium, 0.5–0.8 large, and >0.8 very large.
Results
Study population
The flow of participants is shown in figure 1, and the characteristics of the population are shown in the table. Since the onset of the new administration scheme, only 1 patient showed disease activity after the first infusion and did not receive the extended dosing. This patient did not show depleted CD19+ cells after the second infusion and was positive for anti-rituximab antibodies. In total, 33 patients were included in the analysis. All patients, except 1 who previously received natalizumab were positive for JC virus and required highly effective therapy. The patient who previously received natalizumab showed MS disease activity despite this therapy. Up to June 2019, some planned 6-month rituximab infusions were administered in only some patients because we needed time to inform and convince patients about the rationale of this new administration scheme.
Demographic, clinical, and MRI characteristics of patients with RRMS (n = 33)
Disease activity during rituximab treatment before extended dosing
In total, 29 of the 33 patients received rituximab every 6 months before starting the standardized extended dosing protocol (median [range] 6 [2–9] cycles) (table and figure 2). The induction consisted of 1,000 mg infused twice at a 2-week interval. Maintenance treatment consisted of a single infusion of 1,000 mg. During treatment with 6-month interval dosing, the mean (SD) ARR decreased from 1.7 (1.3) to 0.04 (0.1) (p < 0.001, r = 0.79) and the median (range) EDSS score from 4.5 (1–7) to 4 (0–7) (p = 0.04, r = 0.37). Five relapses occurred in 4 patients at 4, 5, 5, 10, and 15 months after rituximab onset. All patients underwent MRI. The mean (range) number of MRI sessions per patient was 3 (1–7). The mean (SD) time between rituximab onset and the first MRI was 5.5 (3.5) months, between the first and second MRI was 9 (3.6) months, and between the second and third MRI was 11 (5) months. MRI activity was found in only 5 patients at 1 month (nT2L and CEL), 3 months (nT2L and CEL), 3 months (nT2L no CEL), 3 months (nT2L no CEL), and 8 months (nT2L no CEL) after rituximab initiation.
Each row on the y-axis represents a patient. On the x-axis, 0 indicates the last rituximab infusion. Diamond shape (◆) represents a relapse. Less-than sign (<) represents the onset of rituximab. More-than sign (>) represents the last clinical follow-up. Performed MRI examinations are represented by a T2 axial image. Only active MRIs are surrounded by a crown (a new T2 lesion and/or a gadolinium-enhanced lesion). Numbers represent CD19 proportion of total lymphocytes. Overall, the median interval between the last clinical follow-up and the last rituximab infusion was 11 months (range 8–31 months). The median interval between the last MRI and the last rituximab infusion was 10 months (range 8–31 months).
Disease activity during extended dosing
At the time of this interim analysis (between March 18 and 25, 2020), the median (range) interval between the last follow-up and the last rituximab infusion was 11 (8–31) months (table and figure 2). Only 1 patient reached the 24-month time point (31 months). This patient refused new reinfusion, arguing neurologic stability and that rituximab worsened his psoriasis. During the follow-up, no patients showed relapse or disability progression. During this period, 30 patients had at least 1 MRI and 22 of these had at least 1 MRI at least 6 months after the last rituximab treatment. The median (range) interval between the last MRI and the last rituximab infusion was 10 (8–31) months. No MRI showed activity (nT2L or CEL). CD19+ B-lymphocyte count was measured in 25 patients. The mean (range) CD19 proportion was 1.7% (0–6.7) of total lymphocytes at the last count performed after the last rituximab infusion (median [range] interval 8 [6–25] months). CD19 proportion was >1% in 10 of 25 patients and >0.1% in 13 of 25.
Discussion
These results suggest that the option to delay rituximab during the COVID-19 pandemic in RRMS could be considered. We reveal that patients with RRMS with a high level of activity before rituximab initiation did not demonstrate any return of disease activity after rituximab withdrawal during a period of 8–31 months. Importantly, no disease activity was found whatever the number of rituximab cycles previously administered. Moreover, of particular note, there was no switch to any other treatment.
Maintenance of the efficacy of rituximab during a relatively long period is not fully understood. Of note, B-cell counts during the extended dosing period showed significant re-emergence of B cells in more than half of tested patients. Nevertheless, none of these patients experienced disease activity, which suggests that the effect of rituximab in MS is maintained after B-cell repopulation. This situation contrasts with other pathologies such as AQP4 antibody disease, which tends to relapse when B cells repopulate.9,10
This study is not without limitations. First, the sample size was small, which limits the robustness of the findings. However, the population selected was homogeneous, including only patients with highly active RRMS, which facilitates generalization to patients with lower disease activity. Second, the number of patients with a long follow-up (≥12 months) after the last rituximab infusion was low (n = 14), inherent to the interim aspect of the study. However, no patient in this group showed relapse, which suggests that the potential for fast return to disease activity after rituximab withdrawal is unlikely. Third, the relatively short follow-up prevents any definitive conclusion about the potential effect of low dosing on medium-term disability progression suggested by 1 previous study.11 Finally, lack of exhaustive assessment of CD19+ lymphocyte counts due to organization failure and memory B-cell monitoring limits the interpretation of the present findings.
In this emergency context of the COVID-19 pandemic, lack of knowledge of the potential consequences of anti-CD20 therapy on prognosis with this infection warrants careful consideration by neurologists. The present findings suggest that extended interval dosing for stable patients with MS receiving rituximab during the COVID-19 pandemic may be associated with a low risk of relapse or MRI activity. A randomized clinical trial of extended interval dosing is required.
Study funding
No targeted funding reported.
Disclosure
The authors report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures.
Appendix Authors
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article.
↵* These authors contributed equally to this work as co‐first authors.
↵† These authors contributed equally to this work as co‐last authors.
The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors.
- Received April 30, 2020.
- Accepted in final form May 27, 2020.
- Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.
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