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January 2021; 8 (1) ArticleOpen Access

Anti-CD20 therapies and pregnancy in neuroimmunologic disorders

A cohort study from Germany

Tania Kümpfel, Sandra Thiel, Ingrid Meinl, Andrea I. Ciplea, Antonios Bayas, Frank Hoffmann, Ulrich Hofstadt-van Oy, Muna Hoshi, Jakob Kluge, Marius Ringelstein, Orhan Aktas, Muriel Stoppe, Annette Walter, Martin S. Weber, Ilya Ayzenberg, Kerstin Hellwig
First published December 17, 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000913
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Article Information

vol. 8 no. 1 e913
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000913
PubMed: 
33334856
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Online ISSN: 
2332-7812
History: 
  • Received June 2, 2020
  • Accepted in final form October 6, 2020
  • First Published December 17, 2020.
Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Tania Kümpfel, MD*,
    2. Sandra Thiel, PhD*,
    3. Ingrid Meinl, MD,
    4. Andrea I. Ciplea, PhD,
    5. Antonios Bayas, MD,
    6. Frank Hoffmann, MD,
    7. Ulrich Hofstadt-van Oy, MD,
    8. Muna Hoshi, MD,
    9. Jakob Kluge, MD,
    10. Marius Ringelstein, MD,
    11. Orhan Aktas, MD,
    12. Muriel Stoppe, MD,
    13. Annette Walter, MD,
    14. Martin S. Weber, MD,
    15. Ilya Ayzenberg, MD and
    16. Kerstin Hellwig, MD
  1. Tania Kümpfel, MD*,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. T. Kümpfel has served on advisory boards for Roche Pharma

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. T. Kümpfel has received personal compensations/speaker honoraria from Bayer Healthcare, Teva Pharma, Merck, Novartis Pharma, Sanofi-Aventis/Genzyme, Roche Pharma and Biogen as well as grant support from Novartis and Chugai Pharma in the past.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. None

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Sandra Thiel, PhD*,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Bayer Healthcare, speaker honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Ingrid Meinl, MD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. IM received travel expenses from MedDay and Roche Pharma

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. IM received travel expenses from MedDay and Roche Pharma and compensation from Serono and Roche Pharma

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. My husband received grant support from Novartis, Merck and Sanofi

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. My husband received honorarium from Roche, Biogen, Novartis and Bioeq

  4. Andrea I. Ciplea, PhD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Sanofi-Genzyme, funding for travel (2) Teva, funding for travel (3) Novartis, funding for travel (4) Bayer Healthcare, speaker honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Antonios Bayas, MD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Merck Serono (2) Biogen (3) Novartis (4) TEVA (5) Sanofi/Genzyme (6) Roche (7) Alexion (8) Celgene (9) Bayer Vital

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Merck Serono: travel, speaker honoraria (2) Biogen: travel, speaker honoraria (3) Novartis: travel, speaker honoraria (4) TEVA: travel, speaker honoraria (5) Sanofi/Genzyme: travel, speaker honoraria (6) Roche: speaker honoraria (7) Alexion: speaker honoraria (8) Celgene: travel, speaker honoraria (9) Bayer Vital: speaker honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1) Merck Serono (2) Biogen (3) Novartis

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Frank Hoffmann, MD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Serving on a scientific advisory board for Alexion, Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi .

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Speaker honoraria and travel fees from Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, CSL Behring, DIAMED Medizintechnik, Grifols, Ipsen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and Teva.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Research support from Bayer, Biogen, Novartis.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Ulrich Hofstadt-van Oy, MD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Honoraria from Alexion (2), Bayer (2), Hormosan (2), Zambon (2) Travel grants from Abbvie (2), Merck (2), Sanofi-Genzyme (2) Reseach grants from Bayer-Schering (2), Novartis (2), Merck (2)

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Roche (2)

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Muna Hoshi, MD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Merck Serono GmbH (2) Biogen GmbH (3) Roche Pharma AG

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Biogen, peaker honoraria (2) Sanofi Genzyme, Speaker honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Jakob Kluge, MD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Marius Ringelstein, MD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1. Roche Pharma GmbH, served on a national scientific advisory board. 2. Alexion Pharma GmbH, served on a national scientific advisory board.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. 1. Novartis, funding for speaking at a conference. 2. Ipsen, funding for speaking at a conference. 3. Alexion, funding for speaking at a conference. 4. Roche, funding for speaking at a conference. 5. Bayer Healthcare, funding for travel to a conference. 6. Biogen Idec, funding for travel to a conference. 7. Genzyme, funding for travel to a conference. 8. TEVA, funding for travel to a conference. 9. Merz, funding for travel to a conference. 10. Merck, funding for travel to a conference.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Orhan Aktas, MD,
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Medimmune Scientific Advisory Board

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Bayer, travel and speaker honoraria (2) Novartis, travel and speaker honoraria (3) Biogen, travel and speaker honoraria (4) Merck Serono, travel and speaker honoraria (5) Teva, travel and speaker honoraria (6) Sanofi-Genzyme, travel and speaker honoraria (7) Roche, travel and speaker honoraria (8) Almirall, speaker honoraria (9) Alexion, travel and speaker honoraria (10) Celgene, travel and speaker honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) PLoS ONE, Academic Editor, since 2012

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1) Novartis (2) Celgene

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Biogen (2) Sanofi-Genzyme (3) Novartis

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) German Ministry of Science (BMBF), PI for NationNMO/KKNMS (NationNMO‐PAT FKZ 01GI1602B), since 2016

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. (1) German Research Foundation (DFG), PI in GRK2578, since 2020

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Muriel Stoppe, MD,
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  13. Annette Walter, MD,
    14. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1.) Genzyme 2.) Novartis 3.) Roche

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. 1.) Genzyme: Honoraria for speaking engagements 2.) Novartis: Honoraria for speaking engagements 3.) Novartis: Costs of congress participation including travel costs and Hotel 4.) Merck: Costs of congress participation including travel costs and Hotel 5.) Bayer: Costs of congress participation including travel costs and Hotel

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. 1.) Novartis

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  14. Martin S. Weber, MD,
    15. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Evobrutinib Phase II steering committee

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. He received travel funding and/or speaker honoraria from Biogen-Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, TEVA, Bayer and Genzyme.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Academic Editor for PLoS One

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. He receives research support from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS; PP 1660), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; WE 3547/4-1), from Novartis, TEVA, Biogen-Idec, Roche, Merck and the ProFutura Programm of the Universitätsmedizin Göttingen.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. He receives research support from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS; PP 1660), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; WE 3547/4-1), from Novartis, TEVA, Biogen-Idec, Roche, Merck and the ProFutura Programm of the Universitätsmedizin Göttingen.

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  15. Ilya Ayzenberg, MD and
    16. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. I took part in advisory boards of comercial pharmaceutrical companies Roche, Alexion, Merck.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. I received speaker honoraria from Roche, Alexion, Santhera companies.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. I received research grant from Diamed Company.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  16. Kerstin Hellwig, MD
    17. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Novartis (2) Genzyme (3) Teva (4) Merck (5) Roche

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Biogen, funding for travel (2) Novartis, funding for travel (3) Merck, funding for travel (4) Biogen Idec Germany, speaker honoraria (5) Teva, speaker honoraria (6) Sanofi Genzyme, speaker honoraria (7) Novartis, speaker honoraria (8) Bayer Healthcare, speaker honoraria (9) Merck Serono, speaker honoraria (10) Roche, speaker honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. Honoraria from Biogen, Bayer Healthcare, Teva, Sanofi, Merck and Novartis

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Biogen, Bayer Healthcare, Teva, Merck, Roche, Sanofi- Genzyme and Novartis

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) Fund of the Federal Joint Committee

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Hellwig zirkuszelt{at}hotmail.com
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