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January 2021; 8 (1) ArticleOpen Access

Anti-CD20 therapies and pregnancy in neuroimmunologic disorders

A cohort study from Germany

Tania Kümpfel, Sandra Thiel, Ingrid Meinl, Andrea I. Ciplea, Antonios Bayas, Frank Hoffmann, Ulrich Hofstadt-van Oy, Muna Hoshi, Jakob Kluge, Marius Ringelstein, Orhan Aktas, Muriel Stoppe, Annette Walter, Martin S. Weber, Ilya Ayzenberg, Kerstin Hellwig
First published December 17, 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000913
Tania Kümpfel
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Sandra Thiel
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Ingrid Meinl
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Andrea I. Ciplea
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Antonios Bayas
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Frank Hoffmann
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Ulrich Hofstadt-van Oy
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Muna Hoshi
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Jakob Kluge
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Marius Ringelstein
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Orhan Aktas
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Muriel Stoppe
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Annette Walter
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Martin S. Weber
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Ilya Ayzenberg
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Kerstin Hellwig
From the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K., I.M.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, Munich; Department of Neurology (S.T., A.I.C., I.A., K.H.), Katholisches Klinikum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy (A.I.C.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.B.), University Hospital of Augsburg; Klinik für Neurologie (F.H.), Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau gGmbH, Halle (Saale); Klinik für Neurologie (U.H.-v.O.), Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (M.-M.H.), Berg; Department of Neurology (J.K.), Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Ludwigshafen; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Leipzig; Sektion Neuroimmunologie (A.W.), Klinik für Neurologie, Klinikum Herford; Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
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Full PDF
Citation
Anti-CD20 therapies and pregnancy in neuroimmunologic disorders
A cohort study from Germany
Tania Kümpfel, Sandra Thiel, Ingrid Meinl, Andrea I. Ciplea, Antonios Bayas, Frank Hoffmann, Ulrich Hofstadt-van Oy, Muna Hoshi, Jakob Kluge, Marius Ringelstein, Orhan Aktas, Muriel Stoppe, Annette Walter, Martin S. Weber, Ilya Ayzenberg, Kerstin Hellwig
Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm Jan 2021, 8 (1) e913; DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000913

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    Figure Flowchart of the pregnancies enrolled in the study

    *ONID included in this cohort: 1 myasthenia gravis, 1 autoimmune myositis, 1 neurosarcoidosis, 1 MOG disease, 1 CRION, 2 NMDA-Ab encephalitis. CRION = chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy; DMSKW = German MS and pregnancy registry (Deutsches Multiple Sklerose und Kinderwunsch Register); DMT = disease-modifying therapy; GW = gestational week; mAb = monoclonal antibody; MOG = myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; NEMOS = Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group; NMOSD = neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; ONID = other neuroimmunologic diseases; PPMS = primary progressive MS; RRMS = relapsing-remitting MS; SPMS = secondary progressive MS

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