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January 2021; 8 (1) ArticleOpen Access

Overlapping central and peripheral nervous system syndromes in MOG antibody–associated disorders

Simon Rinaldi, Alexander Davies, Janev Fehmi, Heidi N. Beadnall, Justine Wang, Todd A. Hardy, Michael H. Barnett, Simon A. Broadley, Patrick Waters, Stephen W. Reddel, Sarosh R. Irani, Fabienne Brilot, Russell C. Dale, Sudarshini Ramanathan, the Australian and New Zealand MOG Study Group
First published December 3, 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000924
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Article Information

vol. 8 no. 1 e924
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000924
PubMed: 
33272955
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Online ISSN: 
2332-7812
History: 
  • Received July 12, 2020
  • Accepted in final form October 16, 2020
  • First Published December 3, 2020.
Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Simon Rinaldi, PhD, MRCP,
    2. Alexander Davies, PhD,
    3. Janev Fehmi, MSc,
    4. Heidi N. Beadnall, FRACP, PhD,
    5. Justine Wang, FRACP,
    6. Todd A. Hardy, FRACP, PhD,
    7. Michael H. Barnett, FRACP, PhD,
    8. Simon A. Broadley, FRACP, PhD,
    9. Patrick Waters, PhD, FRCPath,
    10. Stephen W. Reddel, FRACP, PhD,
    11. Sarosh R. Irani, DPhil, FRCP,
    12. Fabienne Brilot, PhD,
    13. Russell C. Dale, MRCP, PhD*,
    14. Sudarshini Ramanathan, FRACP, PhD*;
    15. the Australian and New Zealand MOG Study Group
  1. Simon Rinaldi, PhD, MRCP,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1. GAIN patient charity medical advisory board (unpaid) 2. ABN research council member (unpaid) 3. Inflammatory Neuropathy Consortium board member (unpaid)

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. 1. Fresenius, travel to conference 2. Alnylam, speaker honorarium 3. argenx, speaker honorarium

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1. Medical Research Council (UK), MR/P008399/1, Clinician Scientist Fellowship (PI), 4 years

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. 1). University of Oxford (John Fell Fund, COVID reposes fund)

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. 1. British Medical Association (Vera Down Grant)

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Alexander Davies, PhD,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. International Association for the Study of Pain, conference attendance financial aid (2018). Biolegend, Travel grant (2019). Korean Association of Immunologists, speaker honoraria (2019).

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Guest Editor, 2020.

    Patents:

    1. Named on patent application for the use of immune therapy for nerve injury.

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Janev Fehmi, MSc,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. (1) GBS/CIDP Foundation International

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) GBS/CIDP Foundation International

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Heidi N. Beadnall, FRACP, PhD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. -Commercial entity - Novartis Advisory Board - 2020 -Commercial entity - Genzyme Advisory Boards - 2018

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. -Commercial entity - Biogen - Masterclass 2020 - Steering Committee and Chair -Commercial entity - Biogen - Masterclass 2019 - Steering Committee and Speaker -Commercial entity - Roche - 2019 - Speaker -Commercial entity - Biogen - Masterclass 2018 - Steering Committee and Speaker

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. -Brain Foundation Gift (Australian) - 2019 -MSBase Foundation Fellowship - 1 year Fellowship - 2019/2020

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Justine Wang, FRACP,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Todd A. Hardy, FRACP, PhD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Merck (1) Roche

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Advances in Clinical Neuroscience, Co-Editor, 2015- 2020

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Michael H. Barnett, FRACP, PhD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1.Novartis, scientific advisory board 2.Alexion,scientific advisory board

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. 1. Merck, Conference Travel (2019 ECTRIMS)

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1) Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre, (2) RxMx Corp.

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. 1. Novartis, Research Grant support 2. Genzyme-Sanofi, Research Grant Support 3. Biogen, Research Grant Support

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) Australian Government, CRC-P Grant, PI, 2018-2021, (2) Australian Government, MRFF Grant, PI, 2020-2023

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. 1. MS Research Australia, Project Grant:

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Nerve Research Foundation, The University of Sydney Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials: (1) RxMx Corp.

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Simon A. Broadley, FRACP, PhD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Alexion, (2) Biogen Idec, (3) Merck, (4) Roche, (5) NervGen, (6) Novartis, (7) Roche, (8) Sanofi

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Roche, speakers honoraria, (2) Merck, travel sponsorship, (3) Biogen Idec, travel sponsorship, (4) Sanofi, speakers honoraria, (5) Roche, speakers honoraria, (6) Sanofi-Genzyme, travel sponsorship, (7) Roche, travel sponsorship

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical, Editor, 0.4 years

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. (1) Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia, I chair the Research Management Committee (granting body) (2) Australian and New Zealand Assocaition of Neurologists, I chair the MS Neurology Group

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) National Health and Medical Research Council, 1127819, CI, 2017-21, (2) Australian Research Council, DP180100089, CI, 2018-20, (3) National Health and Medical Research Council (Medical Research Future Fund), 1152317, CI, 2018-20

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) Gold Coast Hospital Foundation, RGS2017-LG0003, CI, 2018- 19

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Patrick Waters, PhD, FRCPath,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Served on the advisory board for F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Honoraria UBC and Alexion.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. Assays for the detection of antibodies to LGI1, CASPR2, Tag-1 and GABA-A Receptor (g2 subunit).

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Euroimmun AG

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. Patents for CASPR2, LGI1, TAG-1 and GABA-A Receptor (g2 subunit).

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Stephen W. Reddel, FRACP, PhD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1. CSL 2. Baxter 3. Genzyme 4. Biogen 5. Novartis 6. National Immunoglobulin Governmental Advisory Council, Australia

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. 1. CSL 2. Genzyme 3. Biogen 4. Lancet

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. 1. National IVIG Governance Council of Australia

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. 1. Genzyme 2. Grifols

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. 1. Lambert Foundation 2. Beeren Foundation

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. 1. Sydney Neurology 2. Medical Safety Systems

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Sarosh R. Irani, DPhil, FRCP,
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Encephalitis Society and Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance (non-profit, charity). ADC therapeutics, Immunovant and UCB (commercial)

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. SRI has received honoraria for speaking at scientific conferences, including the Movement Disorder Society, Dublin Neuroimunology Symposium, Korean Encephalitis meeting and Bethel Epilepsy Symposium.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. SRI receives royalties on patent application WO/2010/046716 entitled 'Neurological Autoimmune Disorders'. The patent has been licensed for the development of assays for LGI1 and other VGKC-complex antibodies.

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. 1. Commercial. MedImmune Ltd. 2. ADCT 3. Minnetronix Neuro Inc 4. UCB Pharma 5. Medicolegal projects (various)

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Commercial: SRI has received research funding from UCB, CSL Behring and ONO pharmaceuticals

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. S.R.I has received a NIHR fellowship, Department of Health, UK to fund his DPhil/PhD

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. SRI received funding support from a Wellcome Intermediate Clinical Fellowship, BMA Research Grants - Vera Down grant, the Fulbright UK- US commission and the MS society (2012-2013).

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. For VGKC-complex antibody patent, as described above. Royalties paid by OUI.

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Fabienne Brilot, PhD,
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Biogen Idec, speaking honoraria (2) Merck Serono, speaking honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1)Journal of Visualized Experiments, associate editor, 5 years, no compensation received (2) Section Multiple sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Frontiers in Immunology and Frontiers in Neurology, Associate editor, 3 years, no compensation received (3) Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, Editorial Board, 0.1 years, no compensation received

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) National Health and Medical Research Council Australia (2) Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia (MSRA)

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. (1) Sydney Research Excellence Initiative (The University of Sydney)

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) The Star Scientific Foundation Australia (2) The Trish Multiple Sclerosis Foundation Australia (3) Petre Foundation Australia

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  13. Russell C. Dale, MRCP, PhD*,
    14. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. National Blood Authority. Federal, not for profit

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. received an honoraria for lecturing from Biogen Idec and Bristol-Myers-Squibb

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Editorial advisory board member of MSARD Editorial board member of Neurology: Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Editorial board member of European Journal of Paediatric Neurology

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. Biogen Idec honoraria in 2008 and Bristol-Myers-Squibb in 2015

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NHMRC national grant in 2011 national grant for encephalitis study NHMRC practitioner fellowship 2014-8 NHMRC project grant 2015, 2018 NHMRC partnership grant 2018

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia 2015

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  14. Sudarshini Ramanathan, FRACP, PhD*;
    15. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Dr Ramanathan has served as a consultant on an advisory board for UCB.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Dr Ramanathan is the recipient of an National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship, and has received research funding support from the University of Sydney in the form of an Early Career Researcher Seeding Grant

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Dr Ramanathan has received research funding from the Brain Foundation (Australia) and the Petre Foundation (Australia)

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  15. the Australian and New Zealand MOG Study Group
  1. From the Inflammatory Neuropathy Group (S. Rinaldi, A.D., J.F.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital; University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S. Rinaldi, S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.N.B., M.H.B.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney; Brain and Mind Centre (H.N.B., T.A.H., M.H.B., S.W.R., F.B., R.C.D.), University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (J.W.), St George Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology (T.A.H., S.W.R., S. Ramanathan), Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney; Menzies Institute of Health Queensland (S.A.B.), Griffith University; Department of Neurology (S.A.B.), Gold Coast University Hospital, Australia; Autoimmune Neurology Group (P.W., S.R.I., S. Ramanathan), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital; University of Oxford, UK; Brain Autoimmunity and Clinical Neuroimmunology Groups (F.B., R.C.D., S. Ramanathan), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney; Faculty of Medicine and Health (F.B., R.C.D., S. Ramanathan), University of Sydney; School of Medical Sciences (F.B.), Discipline of Applied Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; and TY Nelson Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.C.D.), Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Ramanathan sudarshini.ramanathan{at}sydney.edu.au
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