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November 2021; 8 (6) ArticleOpen Access

Targeted RNA Sequencing of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Temporal Arteries From Giant Cell Arteritis Cases Reveals Viral Signatures

Andrew N. Bubak, Teresa Mescher, Michael Mariani, Seth E. Frietze, James E. Hassell, Christy S. Niemeyer, Christina N. Como, Anna M. Burnet, Prem S. Subramanian, Randall J. Cohrs, Ravi Mahalingam, Maria A. Nagel
First published September 7, 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000001078
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Article Information

vol. 8 no. 6 e1078
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000001078
PubMed: 
34493606
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Online ISSN: 
2332-7812
History: 
  • Received April 20, 2021
  • Accepted in final form June 28, 2021
  • First Published September 7, 2021.
Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Andrew N. Bubak, PhD (andrew.bubak{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    2. Teresa Mescher, BS (teresa.mescher{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    3. Michael Mariani, PhD (michael.mariani{at}uvm.edu),
    4. Seth E. Frietze, PhD (seth.frietze{at}med.uvm.edu),
    5. James E. Hassell Jr, PhD (james.hasselljr{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    6. Christy S. Niemeyer, PhD (christy.niemeyer{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    7. Christina N. Como, BA (christina.como{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    8. Anna M. Burnet, BS (anna.burnet{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    9. Prem S. Subramanian, MD, PhD (prem.subramanian{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    10. Randall J. Cohrs, PhD (randall.cohrs{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    11. Ravi Mahalingam, PhD (ravi.mahalingam{at}cuanschutz.edu) and
    12. Maria A. Nagel, MD
  1. Andrew N. Bubak, PhD (andrew.bubak{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. “Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of alphaherpesviruses”, United States Patent, 2848-295-PROV.

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Teresa Mescher, BS (teresa.mescher{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Michael Mariani, PhD (michael.mariani{at}uvm.edu),
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Seth E. Frietze, PhD (seth.frietze{at}med.uvm.edu),
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) International Journal of Molecular Sciences, editorial advisory board member, 2 years (2) Life, editorial advisory board member, <1 year (3) BioMedInformatics, editorial advisory board member, <1 year

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1)NIH, P01CA240685, PI, 2021-2025 (2)NSF, OIA-1736097, co-PI, 2017-2022 (3)NIH, R01CA230618, PI, 2017-2022 (4)NIH, R01AI127709, PI, 2017-2022 (5)NIH, R01GM129338-01, PI, 2018-2023 (6)NIH, P01AG0325958-11, subaward, 2019-2024

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. James E. Hassell Jr, PhD (james.hasselljr{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Christy S. Niemeyer, PhD (christy.niemeyer{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Christina N. Como, BA (christina.como{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Anna M. Burnet, BS (anna.burnet{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Prem S. Subramanian, MD, PhD (prem.subramanian{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Horizon Therapeutics

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Digital content editor, 2010-present (2) Journal of AAPOS, associate editor, 2017-present (3) Graefes Archive for Experimental Ophthalmology, editorial board member, 2015-present (4) British Journal of Ophthalmology, section editor, 2011-present (5) Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, advisory board member, 2017-present (6) Orbit, editorial board member, 2021-present (7) Frontiers in Ophthalmology, editorial board member, 2021-present

    Patents:

    1. (1) Use of prostaglandin analogues to lower intracranial pressure by nasal application

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. (1) Walsh and Hoyt's Essentials of Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, Wolters Kluwer, 2021 (2) Ophthalmology in Extreme Environments, Springer Verlag, 2017.

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1) Horizon Therapeutics (2) GenSight Biologics (3) Invex Therapeutics

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Horizon Therapeutics (2) GenSight Biologics (3) Santhera Pharmaceuticals

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) National Institutes of Health

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) Research to Prevent Blindness, USA

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. (1) Expert witness testimony, various plaintiff and defense attorneys

  10. Randall J. Cohrs, PhD (randall.cohrs{at}cuanschutz.edu),
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Deputy Editor-in- Chief, 2015

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) NIH P01 AG032958, Project Leader - Project 2, 03/01/09- 12/31/23 (2) 5 R01 NS093716, Principal Investigator, 07/01/15 – 06/30/21 (3) 1 R01 AI 151290, Principal Investigator, 11/17/20 – 10/31/25

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Ravi Mahalingam, PhD (ravi.mahalingam{at}cuanschutz.edu) and
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Maria A. Nagel, MD
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Zoster Eye Disease Study (ZEDS), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Member, Data Safety Monitoring Committee

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Journal of Neurovirology, Editorial Board (Associate Editor), 2015-present

    Patents:

    1. (1) Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of alphaherpesviruses, United State Patent 2848-295-PROV.

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. (1) NIH/NIA P01 AG032958, Co-Project Leader, Project 1, 03/01/2009-12/31/2023; (2) NIH/NINDS R01 NS093716, Co-investigator, 07/01/2015- 06/30/2021; (3) NIH/NIDCD R01 DC00566, Co-investigator, 05/01/2020- 04/30/2021 (4) NIH/NIDCD R01 DC014253, Co-investigator, 08/01/2019- 07/30/21 (5) NIH R01 NS094758, Principal Investigator, 09/01/15- 08/31/20

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. (1) SPARK/REACH Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Principal Investigator, 09/01/2020-08/31/2022

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. (1) Merck (Venable LLP), written report, expert witness

  1. From the Department of Neurology (A.N.B., T.M., J.E.H., C.S.N., C.N.C., A.M.B., P.S.S., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (M.M., S.E.F.), University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Ophthalmology (P.S.S., M.A.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurosurgery (P.S.S.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; and Department of Immunology and Microbiology (R.J.C.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Nagel maria.nagel{at}ucdenver.edu
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