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March 2022; 9 (2) ArticleOpen Access

Risk of Getting COVID-19 in People With Multiple Sclerosis

A Case-Control Study

Pietro Iaffaldano, Giuseppe Lucisano, Alessia Manni, Damiano Paolicelli, Francesco Patti, Marco Capobianco, Vincenzo Brescia Morra, Patrizia Sola, Ilaria Pesci, Giacomo Lus, Giovanna De Luca, Alessandra Lugaresi, Paola Cavalla, Sara Montepietra, Giorgia Teresa Maniscalco, Franco Granella, Paolo Ragonese, Marika Vianello, Laura Brambilla, Rocco Totaro, Simona Toscano, Simona Malucchi, Maria Petracca, Lucia Moiola, Diana Ferraro, Vito Lepore, Paola Mosconi, Michela Ponzio, Gioacchino Tedeschi, Giancarlo Comi, Mario Alberto Battaglia, Massimo Filippi, Maria Pia Amato, Maria Trojano
First published January 19, 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000001141
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Article Information

vol. 9 no. 2 e1141
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000001141
PubMed: 
35046084
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Online ISSN: 
2332-7812
History: 
  • Received August 12, 2021
  • Accepted in final form December 15, 2021
  • First Published January 19, 2022.
Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Pietro Iaffaldano, MD,
    2. Giuseppe Lucisano, MSc Stat,
    3. Alessia Manni, MD,
    4. Damiano Paolicelli, MD,
    5. Francesco Patti, MD,
    6. Marco Capobianco, MD,
    7. Vincenzo Brescia Morra, MD,
    8. Patrizia Sola, MD,
    9. Ilaria Pesci, MD,
    10. Giacomo Lus, MD,
    11. Giovanna De Luca, MD,
    12. Alessandra Lugaresi, MD,
    13. Paola Cavalla, MD,
    14. Sara Montepietra, MD,
    15. Giorgia Teresa Maniscalco, MD,
    16. Franco Granella, MD,
    17. Paolo Ragonese, MD,
    18. Marika Vianello, MD,
    19. Laura Brambilla, MD,
    20. Rocco Totaro, MD,
    21. Simona Toscano, MD,
    22. Simona Malucchi, MD,
    23. Maria Petracca, MD,
    24. Lucia Moiola, MD,
    25. Diana Ferraro, MD,
    26. Vito Lepore, MD,
    27. Paola Mosconi, Biol Sci D,
    28. Michela Ponzio, PhD,
    29. Gioacchino Tedeschi, MD,
    30. Giancarlo Comi, MD,
    31. Mario Alberto Battaglia, MD,
    32. Massimo Filippi, MD,
    33. Maria Pia Amato, MD and
    34. Maria Trojano, MD
    35. on behalf of the Italian MS Register
  1. Pietro Iaffaldano, MD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Advisory board member for Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Genzyme.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Travel funding and speaker honoraria from Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Genzyme, Teva.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Giuseppe Lucisano, MSc Stat,
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Alessia Manni, MD,
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. 1) Sanofi-Genzime, speaker honoraria 2) Roche, speaker honoraria and funding for travel to a conference

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Damiano Paolicelli, MD,
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. 1) Sanofy- genzyme (2018); 2) Biogen (2018) ; 3>) Merck-Serono (2018)

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Receive consulting fees from Merck Serono (2010-2018);Bayer Schering (2010); TEVA (2018); Sanofi genzyme (2018); Biogen (2018); Novartis (2018)

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Francesco Patti, MD,
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. I served as advisory board member in the following companies: Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and TEVA I received unconditioned research grant by Biogen and Merck I received research grant by RELOAD Onlus Association, and FISM I received research grants by University of Catania

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. I received speaker honoraria from Almirall and Bayer in 2014, and 2015, and 2016, from Novartis in 2013, 2014 and 2015,2016 from TEVA in 2013, 2014 and 2015, 208, 2019 from Biogen in 2013, 2014 and 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019 and 2020 I received speaking honoraria from Roche in 2018 and 2019 and from Sanofi in 2017, 2018 and 2019

    Editorial Boards:

    1. I serve BMC Neurology as Senior Editor; I serve Multiple Sclerosis Hindawi as associate editor; I serve Frontiers in Neurology as associate editor; I serve Neurology and Therapy as Associate editor

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. I received personal compensation from: Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, TEVA

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. Grant from University of Catania (2007-2008-2009-2010- 2011, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2020)

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Grant from FISM (2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020)

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Marco Capobianco, MD,
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Commercial entity: Biogen, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Bayer-Schering, TEVA, Almirall, Merck-Serono, Roche, Mylan, Bristol

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Speaking honoraria from: Almirall, Biogen, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Roche, Merck-Serono, Teva, Beck Dickinson

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Vincenzo Brescia Morra, MD,
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Received grants for scientific advisory boards from Biogen, Roche and Sanofi-Genzyme

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Received grants for travel and speaker honoraria from MerkSerono, Bayer, TEVA, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Biogen, Almirall

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Patrizia Sola, MD,
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Ilaria Pesci, MD,
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Giacomo Lus, MD,
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. speaker honoraria from Novartis,Sanofi-aventis travel honoraria from Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Bayer Schering Pharma, Biogen Idech

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  11. Giovanna De Luca, MD,
    12. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Served on Scientific Advisory Board for Merck Serono, Roche and Sanofy Genzyme

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. travel grants (Merck Serono, Biogen, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme) Honoraria for speaking engagements (Roche, Merck Serono, Novartis)

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  12. Alessandra Lugaresi, MD,
    13. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Biogen, (2) Bristol Myers Squibb, (3) Merck Serono, (4) Novartis, (5) Roche, (6) Sanofi- Genzyme, (7)Teva

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1)Biogen, travel and speaker honoraria, (2)Merck Serono, travel and speaker honoraria, (3) Novartis, travel and speaker honoraria, (4) Roche, travel and speaker honoraria, (5) Sanofi-Genzyme, travel and speaker honoraria, (6)Teva, travel and speaker honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) BMC Neurology, associate editor, 2016-2021, (2) Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology (specialty section of Frontiers in Immunology and Frontiers in Neurology), Review Editor on the Editorial Board, 2021-present

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1)Biogen, (2)Merck Serono, (3) Novartis, (4) Roche, (5) Sanofi- Genzyme and (6)Teva

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other activities:

    1. Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, non profit observational and interventional studies MS-BASE foundation profit and non-profit observational studies

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Novartis (2) Sanofi-Genzyme

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. (1) AISM (Associazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla),

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  13. Paola Cavalla, MD,
    14. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Merck-Serono (2) Sanofi-Genzyme (3) Roche (4) Biogen (5) Novartis

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Speaker honoraria from Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, Biogen, Novartis, Merck- Serono, Roche, Cellgene-BMS. (2) Travel support for participation/ speaking to scientific meetings from Biogen, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Merck-Serono, Teva, Roche, Cellgene-BMS.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1) Biogen (2) Sanofi-Genzyme (3) Merck-Serono (4) Roche

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  14. Sara Montepietra, MD,
    15. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. advisory board merck and novartis and biogen

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  15. Giorgia Teresa Maniscalco, MD,
    16. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Biogen, funding for travel to conference (2) Teva, funding for speak al conference (3) Novartis, funding for travel to conference (4) Roche, funding for travel to conference (5) Merck, funding for speak al conference

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  16. Franco Granella, MD,
    17. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1)Biogen(2) Novartis (3) Sanofi Genzyme (4) Merck Serono (5) Roche

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Biogen (2) Novartis (3) Merck Serono (4)Sanofi Genzyme (5) Roche

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) BMC Neurology, associate editor, since 2020 (2) Frontiers in Neurology, associate editor, 2021

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Roche

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  17. Paolo Ragonese, MD,
    18. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Speaker onoraria or travel expenses for congress participation from: Almirall, Teva, Genzyme Sanofy, Merck, Biogen, Roche, Novartis, Bristoll-Myers.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. International Journal Molecular Science BMC Neurology Frontiers in Neurology

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Almirall, Roche.

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. Managing Group of the Neuroepidemiology panel at the European Academy of Neurology since december 2021.

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  18. Marika Vianello, MD,
    19. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  19. Laura Brambilla, MD,
    20. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Biogen (2) Sanofi-Genzyme (3) Merck-Serono

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Sanofi-Genzyme (2) Merck-Serono (3) Teva

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  20. Rocco Totaro, MD,
    21. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. speaker onoraria from Biogen, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  21. Simona Toscano, MD,
    22. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  22. Simona Malucchi, MD,
    23. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  23. Maria Petracca, MD,
    24. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) HEALTH&LIFE S.r.l., speaking honoraria,

    Editorial Boards:

    1. (1) Frontiers in Neurology, Guest Associate Editor in Applied Neuroimaging, 2020-2021,(2) Frontiers in Radiology, Review Editor in Neuroradiology,2021,(3) BMC Neurology, Editorial Board Member, 2021

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. (1) Biogen

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  24. Lucia Moiola, MD,
    25. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. I received travel and speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck Serono, Sanofi-Genzyme, Celgene, Novartis, Roche, Biogen

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  25. Diana Ferraro, MD,
    26. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Advisory Board for Biogen, Merck and Roche

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. 1)Merck Serono, travel and speaker honoraria 2)TEVA Pharmaceutical Industries, travel and speaker honoraria 3)Novartis, travel and speaker honoraria 4)Biogen Idec, travel and speaker honoraria 5)Sanofi-Genzyme, travel honoraria

    Editorial Boards:

    1. BMC Neurology, Associate Editor since 2018

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  26. Vito Lepore, MD,
    27. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. I work as a scientific consultant for a non-profit entity: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  27. Paola Mosconi, Biol Sci D,
    28. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. Mario Negri Institute IRCCS receives funds by FISM as a Technical Methodological Structure of the Italian MS and related disorders Register.

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  28. Michela Ponzio, PhD,
    29. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  29. Gioacchino Tedeschi, MD,
    30. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. I serve on the scientific advisory board for TEVA, Roche, Lilly, Allergan

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. I have received speaker honoraria from Sanofi-Aventis, Merck Serono, Bayer Schering Pharma, Novartis, Biogen- Dompe` AG; as weel as funding for travel from Bayer Schering Pharma, Biogen-Dompe` AG, Merck Serono, Novartis and Sanofi Aventis.

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  30. Giancarlo Comi, MD,
    31. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. Received personal fees from Novartis,Sanofi Genzyme, Genzyme Corporation, Genzyme Europe, Merck KGgA, Merck Serono SpA, Celgene Group, Biogen Idec, Biogen Italia Srl, F.Hoffman-La Roche, Roche SpA, Almirall SpA and MedEx

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Received personal fees from Novartis,Sanofi Genzyme, Genzyme Corporation, Genzyme Europe, Merck KGgA, Merck Serono SpA, Celgene Group, Biogen Idec, Biogen Italia Srl, F.Hoffman-La Roche, Roche SpA, Almirall SpA and MedEx

    Editorial Boards:

    1. 1) Neurological Sciences, associate editor, 2011-

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Received personal fees from Novartis,Sanofi Genzyme, Genzyme Corporation, Genzyme Europe, Merck KGgA, Merck Serono SpA, Celgene Group, Biogen Idec, Biogen Italia Srl, F.Hoffman-La Roche, Roche SpA, Almirall SpA and MedEx

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  31. Mario Alberto Battaglia, MD,
    32. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  32. Massimo Filippi, MD,
    33. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Editor-in-Chief (2012-present), Journal of Neurology; Associate Editor, Neurological Sciences (2016-present); Associate Editor, Human Brain Mapping (since 2020) Associate Editor, Radiology (since 2015)

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. Almiral, Alexion, Biogen, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. 1) Commercial entity: Roche

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. 1) Italian Ministry of Health; grant number: GR-2013- 02357415; role: co-investigator; duration: September 2016-December 2020 2) Italian Ministry of Health; grant number: RF-2018- 12366746; role: PI; duration: 15/06/2020 – 14/06/2023

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. 1) Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (FISM) 2) ARiSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA)

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  33. Maria Pia Amato, MD and
    34. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. member of Advisory Boards for Biogen, Merck , Teva, Novartis, Sanofi Aventis, Genzyme, Celgene BMS and Roche

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. honoraria for speaking from Biogen, Merck , Novartis , Teva, Genzyme, Almirall and Sanofi Aventis, Celgene BMS and Roche

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Editor for Multiple Sclerosis Journal Member of the Editorial board of Frontiers in Neurology

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. Unrestricted research grants from Biogen , Merck , Bayer , Sanofi Aventis, Teva, Roche, Novartis

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  34. Maria Trojano, MD
    35. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. MT has served on scientific Advisory Boards for Biogen, Novartis, Merck, BMS Celgen, Roche and Genzyme

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. M.T. received honoraria for travel, consultancy or speaking from Biogen, Roche, Sanofi, Merck, Genzyme, and Novartis

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. M Trojano received research support for her Institution by Novartis, Biogen, Roche, and Merck

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the Department of Basic Medical Sciences (P.I., G.L., A.M., D.P., M.T.), Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro; CORESEARCH (G.L.), Pescara; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate (F.P., S.T.), GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Catania; SCDO Neurologia e Centro di Riferimento Regionale Sclerosi Multipla (CRESM) (M.C., S.M.), AOU San Luigi—Orbassano (TO); Department of Neurosciences (V.B.M., M.P.), Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, ‘Federico II’ University of Naples; Centro malattie Demielinizzanti (P.S.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena/OCB, UO Neurologia; Centro SM UO Neurologia, Ospedale Di Vaio (I.P.), Fidenza, AUSL PR; Multiple Sclerosis Center (G. Lus), II Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (G.D.L.), Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS. Annunziata, Chieti; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (A.L.), UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (A.L.), Università di Bologna; Centro SM (P.C.)—Neurologia 1 D.U.—AOU Citta' Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino; Centro SM (S.M.), S.O.C. Neurologia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia; Neurological Clinic and Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.T.M.), A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples; Centro Sclerosi Multipla (F.G.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Department of Biomedicine (P.R.), Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo; Centro Sclerosi Multipla UO Neurologia—Ospedale (M.V.), Treviso; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico “C. Besta” U.O. Neuroimmunologia e Malattie Neuromuscolari (L.B.); Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti (R.T.), Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale San Salvatore—L'Aquila; Dipartimento di Neurologia (L.M., M.F.), Neurofisiologia e Neuroriabilitazione, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Biomedical (D.F.), Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS (V.L., P.M.), Milano, Italy; Scientific Research Area (M.P.), Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa; First Division of Neurology (G.T.), Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, AOU, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” Naples; Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan; Department of Life Sciences (M.A.B.), University of Siena; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), University of Florence; and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (M.P.A.), Florence, Italy.
  1. Correspondence
    Prof. Trojano maria.trojano{at}uniba.it
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