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May 2022; 9 (3) Research ArticleOpen Access

Analysis of CSF D-Dimer to Identify Intrathecal Fibrin-Driven Autoimmunity in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

Martin A. Schaller-Paule, Yavor Yalachkov, Helmuth Steinmetz, Lucie Friedauer, Elke Hattingen, Wolfgang Miesbach, Frank Weber, Konstantin Kirchmayr, Jan Hendrik Schaefer, Christian Foerch
First published March 8, 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000001150
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Article Information

vol. 9 no. 3 e1150
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000001150
PubMed: 
35260469
Published By: 
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
Online ISSN: 
2332-7812
History: 
  • Received July 7, 2021
  • Accepted in final form January 6, 2022
  • First Published March 8, 2022.
Copyright & Usage: 
Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Author Disclosures

    1. Martin A. Schaller-Paule, MD,
    2. Yavor Yalachkov, MD, PhD (yavor.yalachkov{at}kgu.de),
    3. Helmuth Steinmetz, MD (helmuth.steinmetz{at}kgu.de),
    4. Lucie Friedauer, MD (lucie.friedauer{at}kgu.de),
    5. Elke Hattingen, MD (elke.hattingen{at}kgu.de),
    6. Wolfgang Miesbach, MD (wolfgang.miesbach{at}kgu.de),
    7. Frank Weber, MD (frank.weber{at}sana.de),
    8. Konstantin Kirchmayr, MD (info{at}pm-zentrum.com),
    9. Jan Hendrik Schaefer, MD* (janhendrik.schaefer{at}kgu.de) and
    10. Christian Foerch, MD* (foerch{at}em.uni-frankfurt.de)
  1. Martin A. Schaller-Paule, MD,
    2. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. (1) MA Schaller-Paule was supported by the young investigator grant in the Frankfurt Research Promotion Program (FFF) of the Faculty of Medicine of the Goethe-University Frankfurt.

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  2. Yavor Yalachkov, MD, PhD (yavor.yalachkov{at}kgu.de),
    3. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1)Honorarium for active participation in an advisory board by Sanofi Genzyme.

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1)Travel grant from Novartis (2)Travel grant from Sanofi Genzyme

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. (1) Speaking honorarium by Roche

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  3. Helmuth Steinmetz, MD (helmuth.steinmetz{at}kgu.de),
    4. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. Neurological Research and Practice Up 2 Date Neurology Nervenarzt

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  4. Lucie Friedauer, MD (lucie.friedauer{at}kgu.de),
    5. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  5. Elke Hattingen, MD (elke.hattingen{at}kgu.de),
    6. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  6. Wolfgang Miesbach, MD (wolfgang.miesbach{at}kgu.de),
    7. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  7. Frank Weber, MD (frank.weber{at}sana.de),
    8. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Merck-Serono

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Pfizer (2) Novartis

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. (1) Restless Legs Syndrom, Benckert-Hippius, Springer Verlag, 2019

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. Sana Kliniken des Landkreises Cham GmbH, Head of neurological clinic, 3 years

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Projects Biobanking and Omics in ControlMS as part of the Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis).

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  8. Konstantin Kirchmayr, MD (info{at}pm-zentrum.com),
    9. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  9. Jan Hendrik Schaefer, MD* (janhendrik.schaefer{at}kgu.de) and
    10. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. NONE

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:

    1. NONE

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. NONE

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  10. Christian Foerch, MD* (foerch{at}em.uni-frankfurt.de)
    11. Scientific Advisory Boards:

    1. (1) Roche (2) Sanofi Genzyme (3) Boehringer Ingelheim (4) Merck Serono (5) Prediction Biosciences (6) Novartis (7) Alexion (8) Sonovum

    Gifts:

    1. NONE

    Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:

    1. (1) Merck Serono (2) Boehringer Ingelheim (3) TEVA (4) Sanofi Genzyme (5) Roche (6) Bristol Myers Squibb (7) Alexion (8) Novartis

    Editorial Boards:

    1. NONE

    Patents:

    1. Dr. Foerch is designated as an inventor in the European patent application #03021571.9: “Use of GFAP for identification of intracerebral haemorrhage.”

    Publishing Royalties:

    1. NONE

    Employment, Commercial Entity:

    1. NONE

    Consultancies:

    1. NONE

    Speakers' Bureaus:

    1. NONE

    Other Activities:

    1. NONE

    Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Commercial Entities:

    1. (1) Roche Diagnostics. Research grant (2010, 2012) (2) Sanofi Genzyme. Research grant (2018) (3) Novartis, Research grant (2020)

    Research Support, Government Entities:

    1. Grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, 2007)

    Research Support, Academic Entities:

    1. NONE

    Research Support, Foundations and Societies:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:

    1. NONE

    License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. NONE

    Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:

    1. Dr. Foerch is designated as an inventor in the European patent application #03021571.9: “Use of GFAP for identification of intracerebral haemorrhage.” Concerning this patent, Dr. Foerch received royalty payments from Roche Diagnostics and Banyan Biomarkers.

    Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:

    1. NONE

    Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:

    1. NONE

    Legal Proceedings:

    1. NONE

  1. From the Department of Neurology (M.A.S.-P., Y.Y., H.S., L.F., J.H.S., C.F.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University; Institute of Neuroradiology (E.H.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main; Department of Haemostaseology and Hemophilia Center (W.M.), Medical Clinic 2, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt; Neurological Clinic Cham (F.W.), Cham; and punktmed Center for Vascular Medicine and Haemostaseology (K.K.), Nuremberg/Amberg, Germany.
  1. Correspondence
    Dr. Schaller-Paule martin.schaller{at}kgu.de

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