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May 2022; 9 (3) Views & ReviewsOpen Access

Diagnosis and Management of Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndrome in Children

An International Perspective

Thomas Rossor, View ORCID ProfileE. Ann Yeh, View ORCID ProfileYasmin Khakoo, View ORCID ProfilePaola Angelini, View ORCID ProfileCheryl Hemingway, View ORCID ProfileSarosh R. Irani, View ORCID ProfileGudrun Schleiermacher, View ORCID ProfileParamala Santosh, Tim Lotze, Russell C. Dale, Kumaran Deiva, View ORCID ProfileBarbara Hero, Andrea Klein, View ORCID ProfilePedro de Alarcon, Mark P. Gorman, Wendy G. Mitchell, View ORCID ProfileMing Lim
First published March 8, 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000001153
Thomas Rossor
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • For correspondence: trossor@nhs.net
E. Ann Yeh
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • ORCID record for E. Ann Yeh
  • For correspondence: ann.yeh@sickkids.ca
Yasmin Khakoo
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • ORCID record for Yasmin Khakoo
  • For correspondence: khakooy@mskcc.org
Paola Angelini
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • For correspondence: paola.angelini@nhs.net
Cheryl Hemingway
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • ORCID record for Cheryl Hemingway
  • For correspondence: cheryl.hemingway@gosh.nhs.uk
Sarosh R. Irani
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • ORCID record for Sarosh R. Irani
  • For correspondence: sarosh.irani@ndcn.ox.ac.uk
Gudrun Schleiermacher
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • ORCID record for Gudrun Schleiermacher
  • For correspondence: gudrun.schleiermacher@curie.fr
Paramala Santosh
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • ORCID record for Paramala Santosh
  • For correspondence: paramala.1.santosh@kcl.ac.uk
Tim Lotze
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • For correspondence: tlotze@bcm.edu
Russell C. Dale
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • For correspondence: russell.dale@health.nsw.gov.au
Kumaran Deiva
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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Barbara Hero
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • For correspondence: barbara.hero@uk-koeln.de
Andrea Klein
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • For correspondence: andrea.klein@ukbb.ch
Pedro de Alarcon
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • For correspondence: pdealarc@uic.edu
Mark P. Gorman
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • For correspondence: mark.gorman@childrens.harvard.edu
Wendy G. Mitchell
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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  • For correspondence: wmitchell@chla.usc.edu
Ming Lim
From the Children's Neurosciences (T.R., M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Department Women and Children's Health (T.R., M.L.), School of Life Course Sciences (SoLCS), King's College London, UK; Division of Neurology (E.A.Y.), Department of Pediatrics, Neurosciences and Mental Health (RI), The Hospital for Sick Children; Faculty of Medicine (E.A.Y.), The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.) and Department of Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (Y.K.), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; Children and Young People's Unit (Paola Angelini), The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; SiRIC RTOP (G.S.), Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; INSERM U830 (G.S.), PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center; SIREDO Center: Care (G.S.), Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (P.S.), King's College London; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team (P.S.), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Baylor College of Medicine (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston; Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School (R.C.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pediatric Neurology Department (K.D.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital; National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.); Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.H.), University Children's Hospital, Koln; Division of Child Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Bern Inselspital, University of Bern; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.K.), University Children's Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics (Pedro de Alarcon), University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria IL; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Division of Neurology (W.G.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (W.G.M.), Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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Full PDF
Citation
Diagnosis and Management of Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndrome in Children
An International Perspective
Thomas Rossor, E. Ann Yeh, Yasmin Khakoo, Paola Angelini, Cheryl Hemingway, Sarosh R. Irani, Gudrun Schleiermacher, Paramala Santosh, Tim Lotze, Russell C. Dale, Kumaran Deiva, Barbara Hero, Andrea Klein, Pedro de Alarcon, Mark P. Gorman, Wendy G. Mitchell, Ming Lim
Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm May 2022, 9 (3) e1153; DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000001153

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    Figure 1 Immune Treatment Algorithm Whereby Both Treatment Upfront and Escalation Regimes Are Integrated

    Treatment generally persists at least for a full year. *Redosing of rituximab may be required if B-cell repopulation occurs quickly (<4 months) and/or clinical relapse. **Treatment may be extended if incomplete response or if there is clinical relapse and in this context is tailored to prior patient response and clinician experience.

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    • Immune Treatment Strategies in OMAS
    • The Long-term Outcome and Management of OMAS
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    • Summary
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    • Disclosure
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    • Appendix 1 Authors
    • Appendix 2 Coinvestigators
    • Footnotes
    • References
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