Abstract
Objectives To extend the symptomatic spectrum of acute neurologic syndrome associated with dopamine-2 receptor (D2R) antibodies.
Methods A 13-year-old adolescent boy was admitted to the Neurology Department with abnormal jaw movements. The initial evaluation included laboratory examinations of blood, chest radiography, brain MRI, EEG, and neuropsychologic tests. Serum and CSF samples were collected for immunologic studies. The clinical outcome of the patient was followed up for 18 months after the first hospitalization.
Results Paroxysmal jaw clonus, blepharospasm, and sialorrhea were observed in the patient with a history of Tourette syndrome and obsessive–compulsive disease and with an acute neurologic syndrome associated with D2R antibodies. The symptoms responded to IV methylprednisolone (IVMP), relapsed twice during prednisone reduction, and, finally, improved after the combined treatment of IVMP and IV immunoglobulin.
Discussion Recognizing paroxysmal jaw clonus (possibly with blepharospasm and sialorrhea) and considering the relationship between these episodes and D2R antibodies will be helpful in the early diagnosis and treatment of immune neurologic syndromes.
Antidopamine-2 receptor (D2R) encephalitis is a rare condition with typical symptoms including dystonia parkinsonism and emotional lability.1 The pathogenicity of D2R antibodies is debatable,2 and the reported responses of most patients to immunotherapy may implicate the involvement of the immune system rather than favoring the identifiable antibody being pathogenic.1,3,4 We report the case of a 13-year-old adolescent boy with paroxysmal jaw clonus, blepharospasm, and sialorrhea of an acute neurologic syndrome associated with D2R antibodies. The symptoms responded to IV methylprednisolone (IVMP), relapsed twice during prednisone reduction, and, finally, improved after the combined treatment of IVMP and IV immunoglobulin (IVIg).
Case
A 10-year-old boy had a 2.5-year history of repetitive tics, with eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, tiptoeing, obscene language, and throat clearing, and these episodes occurred more than 10 times a day. Then, the symptoms of irritability and compulsion gradually evolved over 2 years. He was diagnosed with Tourette syndrome and obsessive–compulsive disease and was treated with risperidone, aripiprazole, and sertraline for approximately half a year. At age 13, after a tongue infection, a week later, he developed paroxysmal jaw clonus (2–3 Hz) that occurred more than 10 times per day (Video 1), accompanied by irritability and tongue biting. One month later, the jaw clonus worsened after a respiratory tract infection. The episodes included sudden jaw clonus, commonly with blepharospasm and sialorrhea, occasionally with vocalization, without decreased consciousness, lasting from a few seconds to a minute. These symptoms disappeared during his sleep. A physical examination during the interictal period revealed no abnormalities, except for the tongue injuries in the anterior third of the tongue.
Video 1
The patient's video revealed 2 episodes of jaw clonus (2–3 Hz), starting suddenly, commonly with blepharospasm and sialorrhea, occasionally with vocalization, lasting from a few seconds to a minute. Moreover, a tongue defect was visible.Download Supplementary Video 1 via http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/001172_Video_1
Laboratory examinations further excluded extrapyramidal differential diagnosis induced by CNS infectious diseases (eTable 1, links.lww.com/NXI/A713). An MRI examination of the brain revealed no abnormalities. Chest radiography showed a slight blurring of both lungs. D2R IgG antibodies were detected in serum (1:32) using a cell-based assay (CBA).5 The tests for other onconeuronal or neuronal cell surface antibodies were negative with the CBA or dot immunobinding assay (eTable 1, links.lww.com/NXI/A713). Neuropsychological tests for the first time revealed his moderate to severe cognitive impairments (eTable 1, links.lww.com/NXI/A713).
Figure 1 summarizes the relationship between the paroxysmal jaw clonus and D2R antibody titers. The patient's symptoms rapidly improved after IVMP treatment (1 g/d for 5 days). After oral prednisone taper, his jaw clonus relapsed, and a stereotypical repetitive movement of trunk extensor occurred without epileptiform discharge (Video 2), with an increase in anti-D2R antibody titers (Figure 2). After IVMP treatment again, the abovementioned symptoms improved but further worsened on reducing prednisone. After a combination of IVIg (0.4 g/kg per day for 5 days) and IVMP, the anti-D2R antibody test in serum became negative with the disappearance of all symptoms. The symptoms of eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, tiptoeing, obscene language, throat clearing, irritability, compulsion, and cognitive impairments were completely resolved 3 months after the final immunotherapy.
The symptoms of jaw clonus worsened after oral prednisone taper, improved after IVMP treatment, and disappeared after the combined treatment of IVIg and IVMP. Oral prednisone therapy was suspended during the patient's hospitalization. D2R antibodies were detected with a cell-based assay. D2R = dopamine-2 receptor; IVIg = IV immunoglobulin; IVMP = IV methylprednisolone.
Video 2
A stereotypical repetitive movement of trunk extensor while trying to sleep was observed in the fourth month after onset, without epileptiform discharge during video EEG monitoring.Download Supplementary Video 2 via http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/001172_Video_2
D2R IgG autoantibodies were measured on fixed HEK293 cells using a cell-based assay against the long isoform of D2R expressed at the cell surface. Reactivity was analyzed by immunofluorescence. (A) CSF studies showed positive anti-D2R antibodies (1:1). (C) Serum studies showed positive anti-D2R antibodies (1:100). (B, D) Negative controls: HEK293 cells expressing empty vector plasmids were incubated with CSF (B) or serum (D) from the same patient (scale bar: 150 μm). D2R = dopamine-2 receptor.
Discussion
Our presented case extended the symptomatic spectrum of acute neurologic syndromes associated with D2R antibodies by including abnormal jaw movements. The symptoms of paroxysmal jaw clonus (often with blepharospasm and sialorrhea) should be considered as movement disorders of extrapyramidal system after excluding seizures by video EEG monitoring. The jaw clonus (2–3 Hz), seen in Video 1, should not be confused with the jaw tremor of Parkinson disease (3–7 Hz at rest with mouth closure), essential tremor (4–12 Hz postural and kinetic tremor), or isolated jaw tremor. Jaw tremors may also be seen in tardive jaw tremors (previous dopamine-blocking drugs and repetitive and rhythmic tremors).
Although a functional neurologic disorder was a differential diagnosis, the clinical phenomenology, association with autoantibodies, and improvement with immune therapies support the hypothesis that the neurologic syndrome was an immune-mediated movement disorder. The symptoms of paroxysmal jaw clonus occurred after infection, a possible trigger of autoimmune antibody production, in addition, got improved after immune therapy, which may implicate that the neurologic syndrome is immune mediated. Then, the phenomenon of relapsing after prednisone reduction and the linear relationship between clinical symptoms and antibody titer further supports the autoimmune nature of this phenotype. Mycoplasma etiologic examination may be valuable to exclude other infections and possible triggers of D2R antibodies, not performed in this case.
The strongest association of D2R antibody is with basal ganglia encephalitis, a radiologic basal ganglia syndrome with acute dystonia and akinesia,1,3,6 but there is also some association with autoimmune chorea,1 occasional children with tics,7 or Tourette syndrome.1 This case presents a novel syndrome and, for this reason, is useful for people to recognize the autoimmune nature of this phenotype. Although the phenotype is novel, the association with D2R antibodies supports the likelihood this phenotype is an immune-responsive movement disorder.
Study Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 81971213 and 81671291) and the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1312300).
Disclosure
None of the authors have any conflict of interest to disclose. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank all participants for their participation in the study.
Appendix Authors
Footnotes
↵* These authors contributed equally to this work.
The Article Processing Charge was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Key R&D Program of China.
Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article.
Submitted and externally peer reviewed. The handling editor was Josep O. Dalmau, MD, PhD, FAAN.
- Received December 6, 2021.
- Accepted in final form March 9, 2022.
- Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.
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