PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Edith L. Graham
AU  - Jennifer B. Bakkensen
AU  - Annika Anderson
AU  - Nicola Lancki
AU  - Anne Davidson
AU  - Gina Perez Giraldo
AU  - Emily S. Jungheim
AU  - Anna C. Vanderhoff
AU  - Bridget Ostrem
AU  - Evelyn Mok-Lin
AU  - David Huang
AU  - Carolyn J. Bevan
AU  - Dina Jacobs
AU  - Tamara B. Kaplan
AU  - Maria K. Houtchens
AU  - Riley Bove
TI  - Inflammatory Activity After Diverse Fertility Treatments
AID  - 10.1212/NXI.0000000000200106
DP  - 2023 May 01
TA  - Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation
PG  - e200106
VI  - 10
IP  - 3
4099  - http://nn.neurology.org/content/10/3/e200106.short
4100  - http://nn.neurology.org/content/10/3/e200106.full
SO  - Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm2023 May 01; 10
AB  - Background and Objectives Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) may seek fertility treatment (FT)—including in vitro fertilization (IVF). Variable relapse risk after IVF has been reported in small historical cohorts, with more recent studies suggesting no change in annualized relapse rate (ARR). The objective of this study was to evaluate ARR 12 months pre-FT and 3 months post-FT in a multicenter cohort and identify factors associated with an increased risk of relapse.Methods Patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or MS aged 18–45 years with at least 1 FT from January 1, 2010, to October 14, 2021, were retrospectively identified at 4 large academic MS centers. The exposed period of 3 months after FT was compared with the unexposed period of 12 months before FT. FTs included controlled ovarian stimulation followed by fresh embryo transfer (COS-ET), COS alone, embryo transfer (ET) alone, and oral ovulation induction (OI). The Wilcoxon signed rank test and mixed Poisson regression models with random effects were used to compare ARR pre-FT vs post-FT, with the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% CI reported.Results One hundred twenty-four FT cycles among 65 patients with MS (n = 56) or CIS (n = 9) were included: 61 COS-ET, 19 COS alone, 30 ET alone, and 14 OI. The mean age at FT was 36.5 ± 3.8 years, and the mean disease duration was 8.2 ± 5.0 years. Across 80 cycles with COS, only 5 relapses occurred among 4 unique patients within 3 months of treatment. The mean ARR after COS and before was not different (0.26 vs 0.25, p = 0.37), and the IRR was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.52–1.76, p = 0.88). No cycles with therapeutic disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) during COS had 3 months relapse (ARR 0 post-COS vs 0.18 pre-COS, p = 0.02, n = 34). Relapse rates did not vary by COS protocol. Among COS-ET cycles that achieved pregnancy (n = 43), ARR decreased from 0.26 to 0.09 (p = 0.04) within the first trimester of pregnancy. There were no relapses 3 months after ET alone and 1 relapse after OI.Discussion In this modern multicenter cohort of patients with MS undergoing diverse FTs, which included 43% on DMTs, we did not observe an elevated relapse risk after FT.AMH=anti-Mullerian hormone; ARR=annualized relapse rate; BMI=body mass index; COS=controlled ovarian stimulation; DMTs=disease-modifying therapies; EDSS=Expanded Disability Status Scale; EMR=electronic medical record; ET=embryo transfer; FTs=fertility treatments; GnRH=gonadotropin-releasing hormone; IRR=incidence rate ratio; IUI=intrauterine insemination; IVF=in vitro fertilization; MS=multiple sclerosis; NU=Clinical Neuroimmunology Center; OI=ovulation induction; RRMS=relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; UCSF=University of California San Francisco Center for MS and Neuroinflammation